In contrast, mortality was similar for trees with less than 75% of their crowns infested with lianas (24% dead in 10 years) but much greater for trees with more than 75% of their crowns infested (42% dead; Fig. 2B). Crown position affected tree diameter growth, with greater growth in trees exposed to more sunlight (Table 2). Crown position did not affect survival and reproduction significantly. DAIC values were 29.4, 2.8, and 4.8 for removal of the fixed effect term for crown position from models for growth, survival, and reproduction, respectively.