Control variables show a relation with the level of abnormal working capital
accruals consistent with the literature. In particular, the level of AWCA is
positively associated with equity (with the exception of positive AWCA) and
growth; it is negatively associated with the increase in property, plant and
equipment (except for negative abnormal accruals). Interestingly, results also
highlight a positive and significant coefficient between AWCA and FAMILY
considering all abnormal accruals (β1 = 0.03; p-value = 0.053) and negative
accruals (β1 = 0.039; p-value = 0.041), suggesting that earnings management
seems more pervasive among firms owned by family.