contains porphyroblastic euhedral
garnets, blades of kyanite and resorbed staurolite surrounded by a fine-grained muscovite-biotitematrix associated
with a leucogranite layer. Sillimanite is absent. The gneiss contains two generations of garnet in cores and
rims that represent two stages of metamorphism. Garnet cores are extremely rich in Mn (XSps=0.35–0.38)
and poor in Fe (XAlm=0.40–0.45), whereas rims are relatively Mn-poor (XSps=0.07–0.08), and rich in Fe
(XAlm=0.75–0.77). We suggest that garnet cores formed during prograde metamorphism in a subduction
zone followed by abrupt exhumation, during early collision of the Ladakh arc and Karakoram block. The subsequent
India–Asia continental collision subducted the metamorphic rocks to amid-crustal level,where the garnet
rims overgrew the Mn-rich cores at ca. 680 °C and ca. 8.5 kbar. PT calculations were estimated from phase diagrams
calculated using a calculated bulk chemical composition in the Mn–NCKFMASHT system for the garnet–
kyanite–staurolite-bearing assemblage. Muscovites from the metamorphic rocks and associated leucogranites
have consistent K–Ar ages (ca. 10Ma), closely related to activation of the Karakoram fault in the Pangong metamorphic
complex. These ages indicate the contemporaneity of the exhumation of the metamorphic rocks and the
cooling of the leucogranites.