Controlling capital expenditures
Planning capital expenditures sets the stage for control. The importance of control of capital expenditures cannot be overemphasized. Control is not solely, nor even primarily, downward pressure on expenditures. Control must rest upon sound management planning that restricts expenditures to economics to economically justifiable additions yet guards against stagnation in the maintenance, replacement, and acquisition of capital assets.
Control of capital expenditures is best understood and implemented if the distinction between major projects and minor expenditures is maintained (see page 395). Major capital expenditures involve large amounts of funds for single projects, and their economic feasibility normally relates to management strategies. On the other hand, minor capital expenditures relate to ongoing operations involving almost all the operating managers.
Controlling major capital expenditures
Inclusion of major capital expenditure projects in the tactical profit plan means that top management has decided to proceed with the project at a specific time. This inclusion, however, should not constitute orders to proceed unilaterally. A system of control that reports to executive management the progress, cost, and status of capital additions throughout the year is essential.
The first element of current control involves authorization to start a project, including the appropriation of funds, even though the project was included in the annual profit plan. For major capital additions projects, top management should reserve the responsibility for this final go-ahead authorization, which may consist of formal or informal notification, depending on the internal situation. The usual practice is to give final approval of major capital additions on a request for capital expenditure form. Exhibit 11-8 shows a typical format.
The second element of current control of major capital expenditures is accumulating data on costs, work progress, and cumulative expenditures on each project in process. As soon as a major capital project is authorized and initiated, cost records should be set up by project number. This record should provide for accumulation of costs by project, by responsibility, and for supplementary information about the progress. The third element of current control is a periodic capital expenditure status report that shows for each project such items as the following:
Cost:
Amount budgeted
Expenditure to date
Outstanding commitments
Amount unexpended per budget
Estimated cost to complete project
Indicated over expenditure or under expenditure
Authorization for capital expenditure
Controlling capital expenditures Planning capital expenditures sets the stage for control. The importance of control of capital expenditures cannot be overemphasized. Control is not solely, nor even primarily, downward pressure on expenditures. Control must rest upon sound management planning that restricts expenditures to economics to economically justifiable additions yet guards against stagnation in the maintenance, replacement, and acquisition of capital assets. Control of capital expenditures is best understood and implemented if the distinction between major projects and minor expenditures is maintained (see page 395). Major capital expenditures involve large amounts of funds for single projects, and their economic feasibility normally relates to management strategies. On the other hand, minor capital expenditures relate to ongoing operations involving almost all the operating managers.Controlling major capital expenditures Inclusion of major capital expenditure projects in the tactical profit plan means that top management has decided to proceed with the project at a specific time. This inclusion, however, should not constitute orders to proceed unilaterally. A system of control that reports to executive management the progress, cost, and status of capital additions throughout the year is essential. The first element of current control involves authorization to start a project, including the appropriation of funds, even though the project was included in the annual profit plan. For major capital additions projects, top management should reserve the responsibility for this final go-ahead authorization, which may consist of formal or informal notification, depending on the internal situation. The usual practice is to give final approval of major capital additions on a request for capital expenditure form. Exhibit 11-8 shows a typical format. The second element of current control of major capital expenditures is accumulating data on costs, work progress, and cumulative expenditures on each project in process. As soon as a major capital project is authorized and initiated, cost records should be set up by project number. This record should provide for accumulation of costs by project, by responsibility, and for supplementary information about the progress. The third element of current control is a periodic capital expenditure status report that shows for each project such items as the following:Cost:Amount budgetedExpenditure to dateOutstanding commitmentsAmount unexpended per budgetEstimated cost to complete projectIndicated over expenditure or under expenditureAuthorization for capital expenditure
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Controlling capital expenditures
Planning capital expenditures sets the stage for control. The importance of control of capital expenditures cannot be overemphasized. Control is not solely, nor even primarily, downward pressure on expenditures. Control must rest upon sound management planning that restricts expenditures to economics to economically justifiable additions yet guards against stagnation in the maintenance, replacement, and acquisition of capital assets.
Control of capital expenditures is best understood and implemented if the distinction between major projects and minor expenditures is maintained (see page 395). Major capital expenditures involve large amounts of funds for single projects, and their economic feasibility normally relates to management strategies. On the other hand, minor capital expenditures relate to ongoing operations involving almost all the operating managers.
Controlling major capital expenditures
Inclusion of major capital expenditure projects in the tactical profit plan means that top management has decided to proceed with the project at a specific time. This inclusion, however, should not constitute orders to proceed unilaterally. A system of control that reports to executive management the progress, cost, and status of capital additions throughout the year is essential.
The first element of current control involves authorization to start a project, including the appropriation of funds, even though the project was included in the annual profit plan. For major capital additions projects, top management should reserve the responsibility for this final go-ahead authorization, which may consist of formal or informal notification, depending on the internal situation. The usual practice is to give final approval of major capital additions on a request for capital expenditure form. Exhibit 11-8 shows a typical format.
The second element of current control of major capital expenditures is accumulating data on costs, work progress, and cumulative expenditures on each project in process. As soon as a major capital project is authorized and initiated, cost records should be set up by project number. This record should provide for accumulation of costs by project, by responsibility, and for supplementary information about the progress. The third element of current control is a periodic capital expenditure status report that shows for each project such items as the following:
Cost:
Amount budgeted
Expenditure to date
Outstanding commitments
Amount unexpended per budget
Estimated cost to complete project
Indicated over expenditure or under expenditure
Authorization for capital expenditure
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