The redundancy theory may work for certain cases, but it may not apply to all. More research is needed to determine the situations in which the redundancy principle does not hold (Clark & Mayer, 2011). Sorden (2005) discussed that depending on the learners’ experiences, people may feel different about redundant information varies. A diagram with text may be help beginner to understand. At the same time, the same strategy might become redundant for a more experienced learner.