Abstract
As an attempt to follow through on the claims made by proponents of intentional vocabulary learning, the
present study set out to examine whether and how digital flashcards can be incorporated into a university course
to promote the vocabulary learning of English language learners. The overall research findings underscore the
value of learning vocabulary with digital flashcards as an alternative to more conventional resources, and draw
attention to the relative merits of embedding digital flashcards in collaborative learning tasks in classroom
settings. This article then concludes by considering practical implications for supporting intentional vocabulary
learning with the use of digital flashcards.
Keywords: intentional vocabulary learning, vocabulary learning techniques, digital flashcards, collaborative
learning, English as a foreign language
1. Introduction
Methods of learning words with or without deliberate attempts are known as the intentional versus incidental
learning in vocabulary research. While each approach has its merits and proponents, intentional vocabulary
learning is of particular interest to this study. According to Elgort and Nation (2010), deliberate techniques, such as
learning from vocabulary notebooks, word lists, and word cards, are useful approaches for achieving the
acquisition of second language (L2) vocabulary effectively and efficiently. Based on a series of experimental
studies, Elgort (2011) asserted that intentional learning of vocabulary is more efficient than incidental learning, as
the latter often requires long-term and extensive exposure to linguistic input, and such naturalistic language
learning conditions are not commonplace in English as a foreign language (EFL) contexts or other foreign
language learning environments. In contrast, intentional learning of vocabulary speeds up learners’ process of
lexical development due to focused repetition or memorization strategies, which can be completed individually in
a short period of time. It has also been argued that the retention rates of intentional vocabulary learning are
generally higher than those obtained with incidental learning (Hustijn, 2003), suggesting that deliberate attempts to
learning vocabulary are effective and worth the effort.
The general rationale for intentional vocabulary learning is grounded in Schmidt’s (1990) noticing hypothesis,
which states that noticing is the necessary condition for second language acquisition. As applied to lexical
development, language learners must consciously notice L2 features in the input and pay deliberate attention to
form-meaning connections of vocabulary items to optimize L2 learning. It is for this reason that vocabulary is
commonly taught explicitly and directly in foreign language classrooms to compensate for the limited exposure
and resources that may otherwise be available. However, Nation (2011) cautioned against over application of
explicit vocabulary instruction with teacher-imposed vocabulary exercises. Among various vocabulary learning
techniques, he particularly advocated that teachers should guide their students to make use of word cards in
learner-centered ways. As he argued, “Well directed deliberate vocabulary learning using word cards is very
effective and much more efficient than teaching and vocabulary exercises” (p. 536).
Word cards are a set of double-sided cards designed for direct learning of vocabulary that allow learners to practice
form-to-meaning and meaning-to-form recall in repeated retrieval of L2 words, by flipping the front and back sides
of the cards. Given how they are used, word cards are also called flashcards, and may vary in form, ranging from
printed to digital versions. While word cards or flashcards have long been used in language classrooms, the recent
บทคัดย่อ เป็นความพยายามที่จะตามถึงที่ร้องโดย proponents เรียนรู้คำศัพท์โดยตั้งใจ การ กำหนดเพื่อตรวจสอบ วิธี flashcards ดิจิทัลสามารถรวมอยู่ในหลักสูตรของมหาวิทยาลัย และการศึกษาปัจจุบัน เพื่อส่งเสริมการเรียนรู้คำศัพท์ของผู้เรียนภาษาอังกฤษ พบขีดโดยรวมของงานวิจัย ค่าของการเรียนรู้คำศัพท์ ด้วย flashcards ดิจิทัลเป็นทางเลือกแบบดั้งเดิมมากขึ้นทรัพยากร และวาด ความใส่ใจในบุญญาติฝัง flashcards ดิจิตอลในงานเรียนรู้ร่วมกันในห้องเรียน การตั้งค่า บทความนี้แล้วสรุป โดยพิจารณาผลการปฏิบัติเพื่อสนับสนุนคำศัพท์ตก การเรียนรู้ ด้วยการใช้ flashcards ดิจิตอล คำสำคัญ: คำศัพท์โดยตั้งใจเรียน เทคนิค flashcards ดิจิตอล ความร่วมมือการเรียนรู้คำศัพท์ การเรียนรู้ ภาษาอังกฤษเป็นภาษาต่างประเทศ 1. บทนำ วิธีการเรียนรู้คำที่มี หรือไม่ มีความพยายามในการกระทำจะเรียกว่าตกเทียบกับผาดเผิน ๆ เรียนรู้คำศัพท์งานวิจัย ในขณะที่แต่ละวิธีมีความบุญ และ proponents คำศัพท์ตก เรียนสนใจโดยเฉพาะการศึกษานี้ได้ ตาม Elgort และประเทศชาติ (2010), เอาเปรียบ เทคนิคเช่น เรียนรู้ จากคำศัพท์สมุดบันทึก รายการคำ บัตรคำ มีแนวทางที่เป็นประโยชน์สำหรับการบรรลุเป้าหมาย ซื้อคำศัพท์สองภาษา (L2) ได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ และมีประสิทธิภาพ ขึ้นอยู่กับชุดของการทดลอง studies, Elgort (2011) asserted that intentional learning of vocabulary is more efficient than incidental learning, as the latter often requires long-term and extensive exposure to linguistic input, and such naturalistic language learning conditions are not commonplace in English as a foreign language (EFL) contexts or other foreign language learning environments. In contrast, intentional learning of vocabulary speeds up learners’ process of lexical development due to focused repetition or memorization strategies, which can be completed individually in a short period of time. It has also been argued that the retention rates of intentional vocabulary learning are generally higher than those obtained with incidental learning (Hustijn, 2003), suggesting that deliberate attempts to learning vocabulary are effective and worth the effort. The general rationale for intentional vocabulary learning is grounded in Schmidt’s (1990) noticing hypothesis, which states that noticing is the necessary condition for second language acquisition. As applied to lexical development, language learners must consciously notice L2 features in the input and pay deliberate attention to form-meaning connections of vocabulary items to optimize L2 learning. It is for this reason that vocabulary is commonly taught explicitly and directly in foreign language classrooms to compensate for the limited exposure and resources that may otherwise be available. However, Nation (2011) cautioned against over application of explicit vocabulary instruction with teacher-imposed vocabulary exercises. Among various vocabulary learning techniques, he particularly advocated that teachers should guide their students to make use of word cards in learner-centered ways. As he argued, “Well directed deliberate vocabulary learning using word cards is very effective and much more efficient than teaching and vocabulary exercises” (p. 536). Word cards are a set of double-sided cards designed for direct learning of vocabulary that allow learners to practice form-to-meaning and meaning-to-form recall in repeated retrieval of L2 words, by flipping the front and back sides of the cards. Given how they are used, word cards are also called flashcards, and may vary in form, ranging from printed to digital versions. While word cards or flashcards have long been used in language classrooms, the recent
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