language skill to learn (Hasan, 2000; Graham, 2003). As Vandergrift (2007)
points out, one of the reasons might be that learners are not taught how to learn listening
effectively. A narrow focus on the correct answer to comprehension questions that are
often given in a lesson does little to help learners understand and control the process
leading to comprehension. When learners listen to spoken English, they need to
perceive and segment the incoming stream of speech in order to make sense of it. The
listener cannot refer back to the text in contrast to a reader who usually has the
opportunity to refer back to clarify understanding. Moreover, as Stahr (2009) asserts,
“spoken language is characterized by assimilation as well as unclear articulation, and