patient and health care system perspective to health
literacy. They propose that health literacy influences health
outcomes at three critical points, namely, access to health
care, the interaction between patients and their health care
professionals, and self-care. The authors acknowledge that
their model is limited both by the availability of relevant
empirical data, and the complexity of the relationships that
are summarized in this type of model. Nonetheless, the
paper provides clear signals as to three key issues that need
to be considered when planning interventions to
compensate for poor literacy and language skills.
Fig. 1 offers a summary representation of the Institute of
Medicine model for health literacy taking account of the
modifications proposed by Baker (2006) and the logic
model proposed by Paasche-Orlow and Wolf (2007). The
model places health literacy as a risk factor that needs to be
identified and appropriately managed in clinical care. It
begins with assessment of relevant prior knowledge and/or
individual reading literacy using a screening tool such as
REALM or TOFHLA (1). It reflects the importance of the
context for communication, through health service organization
and a clinical environment that is more sensitive
to the needs of individuals with low literacy (2). Improved
service organization and clinician sensitivity can improve
access to health care services, and enhance the quality of
interaction between patients and health care providers (3).
This leaves a clinician better placed to provide patient
education that is tailored to individual needs and capacities
(4) that is more likely to result in improved patient capabilities
to adhere to recommended clinical care (5). In turn,
this leads to improved health outcomes associated with
successfully implemented clinical care (6).
Health literacy as asset
A distinctly different conceptual approach has evolved
from origins in public health and health promotion. This
conceptualization emanates from an understanding of the
role of health education and communication in developing
competencies for different forms of health action (personal,
social and environmental). Health literacy in this case is
seen as a means to enabling individuals to exert greater
control over their health and the range of personal, social
and environmental determinants of health.
From this public health perspective, health literacy is
seen as an asset to be built, as an outcome to health
education and communication that supports greater
empowerment in health decision-making. This contrasts
markedly from the conceptualization of health literacy
described in Fig. 1. Actions to improve health literacy are
focused on developing age and context specific health
knowledge, and the self-efficacy necessary to put that
knowledge into practice inways that enable people to exert
greater control over their health and health-related decisions
(Nutbeam, 2000). This conceptualization of health
literacy has its roots in educational research into literacy,
and concepts of adult learning and health promotion
(Freebody & Luke, 1990; Imel, 1998). Research to support
these ideas is at a more developmental stage and has
emanated mainly from the UK, Australia, and Canada
(Coulter & Ellins, 2007; Renkert & Nutbeam, 2001; Rootman
& Ronson, 2005).
Subtly different to the IOM definition, WHOhas adopted
a definition of health literacy that reflects a health
promotion orientation, as follows:
Health literacy represents the cognitive and social skills
which determine the motivation and ability of individuals
to gain access to, understand and use information in ways
which promote and maintain good health.
The WHO definition goes on to say:
Health literacy implies the achievement of a level of
knowledge, personal skills and confidence to take action to
improve personal and community health by changing
personal lifestyles and living conditions. Thus, health
5. Enhanced capability
for self management,
improved compliance
1: Health literacy assessment -
Health-related reading fluency,
numeracy, prior knowledge
6. Improved clinical outcomes
4. Tailored
health information,
communication,
education
2: Organisational practice
sensitive to
health literacy
3. Improved access to
health care, and
productive interaction with
health care professionals
Fig. 1. Conceptual model of health literacy as a risk.
2074 D. Nutbeam / Social Science & Medicine 67 (2008) 2072–2078
มุมมองของผู้ป่วย และการดูแลสุขภาพระบบสุขภาพวัด พวกเขาเสนอว่า สุขภาพสามารถมีผลต่อสุขภาพผลที่ได้ที่ 3 จุดที่สำคัญ ได้แก่ เข้าถึงสุขภาพการดูแล การโต้ตอบระหว่างผู้ป่วยและการดูแลสุขภาพผู้เชี่ยวชาญ และสุขภาพ ผู้เขียนยอมรับที่รูปแบบของพวกเขาจะจำกัดทั้งความเกี่ยวข้องรวมข้อมูล และความซับซ้อนของความสัมพันธ์ที่สามารถสรุปในรูปแบบชนิดนี้ กระนั้น การกระดาษให้สัญญาณชัดเจนเป็นสามประเด็นหลักที่ต้องจะถือว่าเมื่อวางแผนงานวิจัยเพื่อชดเชยสำหรับทักษะสามารถและภาษาที่ไม่ดีFig. 1 มีการแสดงสรุปของสถาบันรูปแบบยาการวัดสุขภาพที่คำนึงการเสนอ โดยเบเกอร์ (2006) และตรรกะการปรับเปลี่ยนแบบจำลองที่เสนอ โดย Paasche Orlow และหมาป่า (2007) ที่แบบจำลองวัดสุขภาพเป็นปัจจัยเสี่ยงที่ต้องระบุ และจัดการอย่างเหมาะสมในคลินิกดูแล มันเริ่มต้น ด้วยการประเมินความรู้เดิมที่เกี่ยวข้อง และ/หรืออ่านแต่ละวัดโดยใช้เครื่องมือคัดกรองเช่นขอบเขตหรือ TOFHLA (1) มันสะท้อนให้เห็นถึงความสำคัญของการบริบทการสื่อสาร ผ่านองค์กรการบริการสุขภาพและสิ่งแวดล้อมทางคลินิกที่สำคัญมากความต้องการของบุคคลที่มีความสามารถต่ำ (2) การปรับปรุงบริการองค์กรและ clinician ไวสามารถปรับปรุงเข้าถึงบริการสุขภาพ และเพิ่มคุณภาพของinteraction between patients and health care providers (3).This leaves a clinician better placed to provide patienteducation that is tailored to individual needs and capacities(4) that is more likely to result in improved patient capabilitiesto adhere to recommended clinical care (5). In turn,this leads to improved health outcomes associated withsuccessfully implemented clinical care (6).Health literacy as assetA distinctly different conceptual approach has evolvedfrom origins in public health and health promotion. Thisconceptualization emanates from an understanding of therole of health education and communication in developingcompetencies for different forms of health action (personal,social and environmental). Health literacy in this case isseen as a means to enabling individuals to exert greatercontrol over their health and the range of personal, socialand environmental determinants of health.From this public health perspective, health literacy isseen as an asset to be built, as an outcome to healtheducation and communication that supports greaterempowerment in health decision-making. This contrastsmarkedly from the conceptualization of health literacydescribed in Fig. 1. Actions to improve health literacy arefocused on developing age and context specific healthknowledge, and the self-efficacy necessary to put thatknowledge into practice inways that enable people to exertgreater control over their health and health-related decisions(Nutbeam, 2000). This conceptualization of healthliteracy has its roots in educational research into literacy,and concepts of adult learning and health promotion(Freebody & Luke, 1990; Imel, 1998). Research to supportthese ideas is at a more developmental stage and hasemanated mainly from the UK, Australia, and Canada(Coulter & Ellins, 2007; Renkert & Nutbeam, 2001; Rootman& Ronson, 2005).Subtly different to the IOM definition, WHOhas adopteda definition of health literacy that reflects a healthpromotion orientation, as follows:Health literacy represents the cognitive and social skillswhich determine the motivation and ability of individualsto gain access to, understand and use information in wayswhich promote and maintain good health.The WHO definition goes on to say:Health literacy implies the achievement of a level ofknowledge, personal skills and confidence to take action toimprove personal and community health by changingpersonal lifestyles and living conditions. Thus, health5. Enhanced capabilityfor self management,improved compliance1: Health literacy assessment -Health-related reading fluency,numeracy, prior knowledge6. Improved clinical outcomes4. Tailoredhealth information,communication,education2: Organisational practicesensitive tohealth literacy3. Improved access tohealth care, andproductive interaction withhealth care professionalsFig. 1. Conceptual model of health literacy as a risk.Nutbeam 2074 D. / สังคมศาสตร์และการแพทย์ 67 (2008) 2072-2078
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