Denial of Service: A probabilistic measure to counter
collisions is to rely on random back-offs which decrease the
rate of collisions. As reported in, one of the most promising
solutions for reducing collisions is rate limiting in MAC and
using small frame sizes. Some researchers proposed several
mechanisms that identify such malfunctioned and misbehaving
nodes based on the rating of how well they are performing
services as requested and help routing protocols avoid them.
Virtual currency systems use currency to pay nodes (payment
is made by the sender) who forward the messages of
sender nodes. The advantage of this method is that it
discourages nodes from flooding packets in the systems.