Each item was scored on a 4-point scale (strongly agree to strongly disagree). Responses to the items on physical demands were dichotomized (1 and 2 versus 3 and 4) and summed to produce total scores ranging from 0 to 5. Physical
demands were then categorized as low (0–3) or high (4–5) physical demands. Responses to items
for psychosocial demands were also dichotomized (1 and 2 versus 3 and 4) and summed to produce a total score ranging from 0 to 8. Psychosocial demands were then classified as low (0–5) or high (6–8) [42]. The JCQ has shown acceptable
internal consistency in large sample studies and has presented good global performance with no substantial differences between studies; hence, it can equally be used in studies carried out in developing countries [41].