everal pharmaceutical processes, including blending, transfer, stor- including blending, transfer, stor- age, feeding, compaction, and flu- age, feeding, compaction, and flu-. idization,involve powder handling. idization, involve powder handling. (The term powder is used predominantly (The term powder is used predominantly. throughout this article,but these concepts throughout this article, but these concepts. also apply to other bulk solids — fine and also apply to other bulk solids - fine and. coarse — such as dust, granulations, and coarse - such as dust, granulations, and. granules either as single substances or as granules either as single substances or as. multicomponent blends.) The flow of multicomponent blends.) The flow of. powder during manufacturing dictates powder during manufacturing dictates the quality of the product in terms of its the quality of the product in terms of its. weight and content uniformity. weight and content uniformity. Flow also Flow also affects manufacturing efficiency, because affects manufacturing efficiency, because it can determine whether bins can be used it can determine whether bins can be used. or hand scooping will be required,to what or hand scooping will be required, to what. extent product (if any) is scrapped at the extent product (if any) is scrapped at the. beginning or end of the run, and the al- beginning or end of the run, and the al-. lowable production rate of product (eg, lowable production rate of product (eg,. blend times and compression speeds). blend times and compression speeds). During formulation development, the During formulation development, the flow of a blend may affect excipient se- flow of a blend may affect excipient se-. lection and may dictate whether direct lection and may dictate whether direct compression is used or some form of compression is used or some form of. granulation is required. granulation is required. A full under- A full under- standing of powder-flow behavior is es- standing of powder-flow behavior is es-. sential when addressing segregation prob- sential when addressing segregation prob- lems. lems. In extreme cases, the success or In extreme cases, the success or. failure of a product has hinged on its flow failure of a product has hinged on its flow. behavior during manufacturing. behavior during manufacturing. Given the importance of powder flow, Given the importance of powder flow,. the pharmaceutical industry still relies the pharmaceutical industry still relies suprisingly heavily on flow properties that suprisingly heavily on flow properties that are poorly understood and applied. are poorly understood and applied. To be To be sure, science currently has little to offer sure, science currently has little to offer. about several aspects of powder flow, and about several aspects of powder flow, and. therefore prior experience is required. therefore prior experience is required. However, much proven scientific under- However, much proven scientific under- standing of bulk powder flow has not been standing of bulk powder flow has not been. used fully by the pharmaceutical industry. used fully by the pharmaceutical industry. This article discusses powder flowability This article discusses powder flowability in the context of various pharmaceutical in the context of various pharmaceutical production processes. production processes. By connecting ap- By connecting ap- propriate test methods to the typical propriate test methods to the typical pharmaceutical applications in which pharmaceutical applications in which interparticle motion occurs and powder interparticle motion occurs and powder flowability is of concern, manufacturers flowability is of concern, manufacturers can decide which test methods best pre- can decide which test methods best pre-. dict the flow behavior that will occur in a dict the flow behavior that will occur in a. given application. given application. (References 1–10, 34, (References 1-10, 34, and 36 describe some test methods, in- and 36 describe some test methods, in-. cluding the strengths and weaknesses of cluding the strengths and weaknesses of particular testers.) particular testers.) Flowability defined Flowability defined A simple definition of powder flowability A simple definition of powder flowability is the ability of a powder to flow. is the ability of a powder to flow. By this By this definition, flowability is sometimes definition, flowability is sometimes thought of as a one-dimensional charac- thought of as a one-dimensional charac-. teristic of a powder,whereby powders can teristic of a powder, whereby powders can. be ranked on a sliding scale from free- be ranked on a sliding scale from free-. flowing to nonflowing.Unfortunately,this flowing to nonflowing.Unfortunately, this simplistic view lacks the science and un- simplistic view lacks the science and un-. derstanding sufficient to address common derstanding sufficient to address common problems encountered by the formulator problems encountered by the formulator and equipment designer. and equipment designer. Those who work with powder,whether Those who work with powder, whether. in the lab or in production, quickly rec- in the lab or in production, quickly rec-. ognize that powder flow is complex.Flow ognize that powder flow is complex.Flow behavior is multidimensional and does in behavior is multidimensional and does in fact depend on many powder character- fact depend on many powder character- istics. istics. For this reason, no one test could For this reason, no one test could. ever quantify flowability. ever quantify flowability. To address this To address this multivariable problem,some suggest that multivariable problem, some suggest that all possible test values be considered; all possible test values be considered; oth- oth- ers propose that these values be factored ers propose that these values be factored. into a single flowability index. into a single flowability index. Flowability can never be expressed as a Flowability can never be expressed as a. single value or index.In fact,flowability is single value or index.In fact, flowability is. not an inherent material property at all. not an inherent material property at all. Flowability is the result of the combina- Flowability is the result of the combina-. tion of material physical properties that tion of material physical properties that affect material flow and the equipment affect material flow and the equipment used for handling, storing, or processing used for handling, storing, or processing. the material.Equal consideration must be the material.Equal consideration must be given to both the material characteristics given to both the material characteristics James K. Prescott is James K. Prescott is senior project engineer and senior project engineer and Roger A. Barnum is Roger A. Barnum is project engineer at Jenike & project engineer at Jenike & Johanson, Inc., One Johanson, Inc., One Technology Drive, Westford, Technology Drive, Westford, MA 01886, tel. MA 01886, tel. 978.392.0300, 978.392.0300, fax 978.392.9980, e-mail fax 978.392.9980, e-mail jkprescott@jenike.com jkprescott@jenike.com *To whom all correspondence * To whom all correspondence should be addressed. should be addressed. On Powder On Powder Flowability Flowability James K.Prescott* and Roger A.Barnum James K.Prescott * and Roger A.Barnum JENIKE & JOHANSON, INC. JENIKE & JOHANSON, INC. The term powder flowability is The term powder flowability is used loosely and has generally used loosely and has generally been more closely associated to been more closely associated to the test method used to measure the test method used to measure it than the significance to the it than the significance to the process.To the formulator, process.To the formulator, flowability is linked to the flowability is linked to the product.To the engineer, product.To the engineer, flowability relates to the process. flowability relates to the process. Relating powder flowability Relating powder flowability results to actual behavior in the results to actual behavior in the production process is the true production process is the true reason flowability is measured. reason flowability is measured. This article connects typical This article connects typical powder handling processes to powder handling processes to flow property measurements of flow property measurements of value to the formulator and the value to the formulator and the process engineer. process engineer. S S
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62 62 Pharmaceutical Technology Pharmaceutical Technology OCTOBER 2000 OCTOBER 2000 www.pharmaportal.com www.pharmaportal.com and the equipment.The same powder may and the equipment.The same powder may flow well in one hopper but poorly in flow well in one hopper but poorly in. another. another. Likewise, a given hopper may Likewise, a given hopper may handle one powder well but cause another handle one powder well but cause another. powder to hang up.Therefore,a more ac- powder to hang up.Therefore, a more ac-. curate definition of powder flowability is curate definition of powder flowability is the ability of powder to flow in a desired the ability of powder to flow in a desired. manner in a specific piece of equipment. manner in a specific piece of equipment. With this definition,the term free flowing, With this definition, the term free flowing,. so commonly used,becomes meaningless so commonly used, becomes meaningless unless the specific equipment handling the unless the specific equipment handling the material is specified. material is specified. The specific bulk characteristics and The specific bulk characteristics and properties of a powder that affect flow and properties of a powder that affect flow and. that can in principle be measured are that can in principle be measured are. known as flow properties .Examples of flow kn
everal pharmaceutical processes, including blending, transfer, stor- including blending, transfer, stor- age, feeding, compaction, and flu- age, feeding, compaction, and flu-. idization,involve powder handling. idization, involve powder handling. (The term powder is used predominantly (The term powder is used predominantly. throughout this article,but these concepts throughout this article, but these concepts. also apply to other bulk solids — fine and also apply to other bulk solids - fine and. coarse — such as dust, granulations, and coarse - such as dust, granulations, and. granules either as single substances or as granules either as single substances or as. multicomponent blends.) The flow of multicomponent blends.) The flow of. powder during manufacturing dictates powder during manufacturing dictates the quality of the product in terms of its the quality of the product in terms of its. weight and content uniformity. weight and content uniformity. Flow also Flow also affects manufacturing efficiency, because affects manufacturing efficiency, because it can determine whether bins can be used it can determine whether bins can be used. or hand scooping will be required,to what or hand scooping will be required, to what. extent product (if any) is scrapped at the extent product (if any) is scrapped at the. beginning or end of the run, and the al- beginning or end of the run, and the al-. lowable production rate of product (eg, lowable production rate of product (eg,. blend times and compression speeds). blend times and compression speeds). During formulation development, the During formulation development, the flow of a blend may affect excipient se- flow of a blend may affect excipient se-. lection and may dictate whether direct lection and may dictate whether direct compression is used or some form of compression is used or some form of. granulation is required. granulation is required. A full under- A full under- standing of powder-flow behavior is es- standing of powder-flow behavior is es-. sential when addressing segregation prob- sential when addressing segregation prob- lems. lems. In extreme cases, the success or In extreme cases, the success or. failure of a product has hinged on its flow failure of a product has hinged on its flow. behavior during manufacturing. behavior during manufacturing. Given the importance of powder flow, Given the importance of powder flow,. the pharmaceutical industry still relies the pharmaceutical industry still relies suprisingly heavily on flow properties that suprisingly heavily on flow properties that are poorly understood and applied. are poorly understood and applied. To be To be sure, science currently has little to offer sure, science currently has little to offer. about several aspects of powder flow, and about several aspects of powder flow, and. therefore prior experience is required. therefore prior experience is required. However, much proven scientific under- However, much proven scientific under- standing of bulk powder flow has not been standing of bulk powder flow has not been. used fully by the pharmaceutical industry. used fully by the pharmaceutical industry. This article discusses powder flowability This article discusses powder flowability in the context of various pharmaceutical in the context of various pharmaceutical production processes. production processes. By connecting ap- By connecting ap- propriate test methods to the typical propriate test methods to the typical pharmaceutical applications in which pharmaceutical applications in which interparticle motion occurs and powder interparticle motion occurs and powder flowability is of concern, manufacturers flowability is of concern, manufacturers can decide which test methods best pre- can decide which test methods best pre-. dict the flow behavior that will occur in a dict the flow behavior that will occur in a. given application. given application. (References 1–10, 34, (References 1-10, 34, and 36 describe some test methods, in- and 36 describe some test methods, in-. cluding the strengths and weaknesses of cluding the strengths and weaknesses of particular testers.) particular testers.) Flowability defined Flowability defined A simple definition of powder flowability A simple definition of powder flowability is the ability of a powder to flow. is the ability of a powder to flow. By this By this definition, flowability is sometimes definition, flowability is sometimes thought of as a one-dimensional charac- thought of as a one-dimensional charac-. teristic of a powder,whereby powders can teristic of a powder, whereby powders can. be ranked on a sliding scale from free- be ranked on a sliding scale from free-. flowing to nonflowing.Unfortunately,this flowing to nonflowing.Unfortunately, this simplistic view lacks the science and un- simplistic view lacks the science and un-. derstanding sufficient to address common derstanding sufficient to address common problems encountered by the formulator problems encountered by the formulator and equipment designer. and equipment designer. Those who work with powder,whether Those who work with powder, whether. in the lab or in production, quickly rec- in the lab or in production, quickly rec-. ognize that powder flow is complex.Flow ognize that powder flow is complex.Flow behavior is multidimensional and does in behavior is multidimensional and does in fact depend on many powder character- fact depend on many powder character- istics. istics. For this reason, no one test could For this reason, no one test could. ever quantify flowability. ever quantify flowability. To address this To address this multivariable problem,some suggest that multivariable problem, some suggest that all possible test values be considered; all possible test values be considered; oth- oth- ers propose that these values be factored ers propose that these values be factored. into a single flowability index. into a single flowability index. Flowability can never be expressed as a Flowability can never be expressed as a. single value or index.In fact,flowability is single value or index.In fact, flowability is. not an inherent material property at all. not an inherent material property at all. Flowability is the result of the combina- Flowability is the result of the combina-. tion of material physical properties that tion of material physical properties that affect material flow and the equipment affect material flow and the equipment used for handling, storing, or processing used for handling, storing, or processing. the material.Equal consideration must be the material.Equal consideration must be given to both the material characteristics given to both the material characteristics James K. Prescott is James K. Prescott is senior project engineer and senior project engineer and Roger A. Barnum is Roger A. Barnum is project engineer at Jenike & project engineer at Jenike & Johanson, Inc., One Johanson, Inc., One Technology Drive, Westford, Technology Drive, Westford, MA 01886, tel. MA 01886, tel. 978.392.0300, 978.392.0300, fax 978.392.9980, e-mail fax 978.392.9980, e-mail jkprescott@jenike.com jkprescott@jenike.com *To whom all correspondence * To whom all correspondence should be addressed. should be addressed. On Powder On Powder Flowability Flowability James K.Prescott* and Roger A.Barnum James K.Prescott * and Roger A.Barnum JENIKE & JOHANSON, INC. JENIKE & JOHANSON, INC. The term powder flowability is The term powder flowability is used loosely and has generally used loosely and has generally been more closely associated to been more closely associated to the test method used to measure the test method used to measure it than the significance to the it than the significance to the process.To the formulator, process.To the formulator, flowability is linked to the flowability is linked to the product.To the engineer, product.To the engineer, flowability relates to the process. flowability relates to the process. Relating powder flowability Relating powder flowability results to actual behavior in the results to actual behavior in the production process is the true production process is the true reason flowability is measured. reason flowability is measured. This article connects typical This article connects typical powder handling processes to powder handling processes to flow property measurements of flow property measurements of value to the formulator and the value to the formulator and the process engineer. process engineer. S S
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62 62 Pharmaceutical Technology Pharmaceutical Technology OCTOBER 2000 OCTOBER 2000 www.pharmaportal.com www.pharmaportal.com and the equipment.The same powder may and the equipment.The same powder may flow well in one hopper but poorly in flow well in one hopper but poorly in. another. another. Likewise, a given hopper may Likewise, a given hopper may handle one powder well but cause another handle one powder well but cause another. powder to hang up.Therefore,a more ac- powder to hang up.Therefore, a more ac-. curate definition of powder flowability is curate definition of powder flowability is the ability of powder to flow in a desired the ability of powder to flow in a desired. manner in a specific piece of equipment. manner in a specific piece of equipment. With this definition,the term free flowing, With this definition, the term free flowing,. so commonly used,becomes meaningless so commonly used, becomes meaningless unless the specific equipment handling the unless the specific equipment handling the material is specified. material is specified. The specific bulk characteristics and The specific bulk characteristics and properties of a powder that affect flow and properties of a powder that affect flow and. that can in principle be measured are that can in principle be measured are. known as flow properties .Examples of flow kn
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กระบวนการ , ยา everal รวมทั้งการผสม , การผสม , รวม stor , โอน , คลัง - อายุ , อาหาร , การบดอัด และไข้หวัด - อายุ , อาหาร , การบดอัด และไข้หวัด - ผง idization เกี่ยวข้องกับการจัดการ ผง idization เกี่ยวข้องกับการจัดการ ( คำผงใช้เด่น ( คำผงจะใช้เด่น . ตลอดบทความนี้ แต่แนวคิดในบทความนี้ but these concepts. also apply to other bulk solids — fine and also apply to other bulk solids - fine and. coarse — such as dust, granulations, and coarse - such as dust, granulations, and. granules either as single substances or as granules either as single substances or as. multicomponent blends.) The flow of multicomponent blends.) The flow of.ในการผลิตผงแป้งไว้ระหว่างการผลิต ซึ่งคุณภาพของผลิตภัณฑ์ในแง่ของคุณภาพของผลิตภัณฑ์ในด้านของ น้ำหนักและการเจริญเติบโต . น้ำหนักและการเจริญเติบโต . Flow ยังไหลยังมีผลต่อประสิทธิภาพการผลิต เพราะมีผลต่อประสิทธิภาพการผลิตเพราะมันสามารถตรวจสอบว่าสามารถใช้ถังขยะถังขยะสามารถตรวจสอบว่าสามารถใช้ หรือมือตักจะต้อง การอะไร หรือมือตักจะต้อง การอะไร สินค้าขนาด ( ถ้ามี ) ทิ้งผลิตภัณฑ์ขอบเขต ( ถ้ามี ) ทิ้งที่ . จุดเริ่มต้นหรือจุดสิ้นสุดของการรัน และ อัล - จุดเริ่มต้นหรือจุดสิ้นสุดของการรัน และ อัล - lowable อัตราการผลิตของผลิตภัณฑ์ ( เช่นlowable อัตราการผลิตของผลิตภัณฑ์ ( เช่น . การผสมผสานและการบีบอัดความเร็วครั้ง ) การผสมผสานและการบีบอัดความเร็วครั้ง ) ในระหว่างการพัฒนาสูตรตำรับ ในระหว่างการพัฒนา การไหลของการผสมผสานอาจมีผลต่อการไหล excipient เซ - ของการผสมผสานอาจมีผลต่อ excipient เซ -lection และอาจบอกว่าตรง lection และอาจบอกว่าการบีบอัดโดยตรง จะใช้ หรือบางรูปแบบของการบีบอัดที่ใช้หรือบางรูปแบบของ ที่ใช้จะต้อง ที่ใช้จะต้อง เต็มใต้ - ยืนอยู่เต็มภายใต้พฤติกรรมการไหลผง ES - ยืนของพฤติกรรมการไหลผง ES -sential เมื่ออยู่ sential เมื่อจัดการกับการแยกมาก - - lems prob . lems . ในกรณีที่รุนแรง ความสำเร็จ หรือในกรณีที่รุนแรง , ความสำเร็จหรือ ความล้มเหลวของผลิตภัณฑ์ขึ้นอยู่กับการไหลของความล้มเหลวของผลิตภัณฑ์จะขึ้นอยู่กับการไหลของมัน พฤติกรรมในระหว่างการผลิต พฤติกรรมในระหว่างการผลิต ให้ความสำคัญของการให้ความสำคัญของผง , ผงไหล .อุตสาหกรรมเภสัชกรรมยังอาศัยอุตสาหกรรมเภสัชกรรมยังต้องแปลกใจอย่างมากกับสมบัติการไหลที่แปลกใจอย่างมากต่อสมบัติการไหลที่ไม่ค่อยเข้าใจและใช้ ยังไม่ค่อยเข้าใจและใช้ เพื่อให้แน่ใจว่า วิทยาศาสตร์ปัจจุบันมีเพียงเล็กน้อยเพื่อให้แน่ใจว่า วิทยาศาสตร์ปัจจุบันมีเล็ก ๆน้อย ๆให้ เกี่ยวกับหลายๆด้านของผงไหล and about several aspects of powder flow, and. therefore prior experience is required. therefore prior experience is required. However, much proven scientific under- However, much proven scientific under- standing of bulk powder flow has not been standing of bulk powder flow has not been. used fully by the pharmaceutical industry. used fully by the pharmaceutical industry.บทความนี้กล่าวถึงผงโลกบทความนี้กล่าวถึงโลกในบริบทของผงยาต่างๆ ในบริบทของกระบวนการผลิตยาต่างๆ ในกระบวนการผลิตโดยการเชื่อมต่อโดยการเชื่อมต่อ AP - AP - วิธีทดสอบ propriate ไปทั่วไป propriate ทดสอบวิธีการทั่วไปที่ใช้ในงานเภสัชกรรม เภสัชกรรมซึ่ง interparticle เคลื่อนไหวเกิดขึ้น และผง interparticle เคลื่อนไหวเกิดขึ้นและผงโลกมีความกังวล ผู้ผลิตโลกมีความกังวล manufacturers can decide which test methods best pre- can decide which test methods best pre-. dict the flow behavior that will occur in a dict the flow behavior that will occur in a. given application. given application. (References 1–10, 34, (References 1-10, 34, and 36 describe some test methods, in- and 36 describe some test methods, in-.รวมจุดแข็งและจุดอ่อนของการรวมจุดแข็งและจุดอ่อนโดยเฉพาะ ) โดยเฉพาะ ทดสอบ ทดสอบ กำหนดนิยามความหมาย ) โลกโลกโลกที่เรียบง่ายของผงละเอียดที่เรียบง่ายของโลกคือความสามารถของผงแป้งไหล คือความสามารถของแป้งไหล โดยนิยามนี้ โลก บางครั้งเป็นนิยาม flowability is sometimes thought of as a one-dimensional charac- thought of as a one-dimensional charac-. teristic of a powder,whereby powders can teristic of a powder, whereby powders can. be ranked on a sliding scale from free- be ranked on a sliding scale from free-. flowing to nonflowing.Unfortunately,this flowing to nonflowing.Unfortunately,ดูง่ายนี้ขาดวิทยาศาสตร์และไม่ขาดง่ายดูวิทยาศาสตร์และสหประชาชาติ - derstanding เพียงพอที่อยู่ร่วมกัน derstanding เพียงพอที่จะแก้ไขปัญหาทั่วไปที่พบ โดยปัญหาที่พบโดย formulator formulator และอุปกรณ์ที่ออกแบบ และออกแบบอุปกรณ์ คนที่ทำงานกับแป้ง ไม่ว่าจะเป็นคนที่ทำงานด้วยผงหรือไม่ ในแลป หรือ ในการผลิต quickly rec- in the lab or in production, quickly rec-. ognize that powder flow is complex.Flow ognize that powder flow is complex.Flow behavior is multidimensional and does in behavior is multidimensional and does in fact depend on many powder character- fact depend on many powder character- istics. istics. For this reason, no one test could For this reason, no one test could. ever quantify flowability. ever quantify flowability. To address this To address this multivariable problem,some suggest that multivariable problem, some suggest that all possible test values be considered; all possible test values be considered; oth- oth- ers propose that these values be factored ers propose that these values be factored. into a single flowability index. into a single flowability index. Flowability can never be expressed as a Flowability can never be expressed as a. single value or index.In fact,flowability is single value or index.In fact, flowability is. not an inherent material property at all. not an inherent material property at all. Flowability is the result of the combina- Flowability is the result of the combina-.ผ่านคุณสมบัติทางกายภาพ คุณสมบัติทางกายภาพของวัสดุที่ผ่านวัสดุที่มีผลต่อการไหลของวัสดุและอุปกรณ์ที่มีผลต่อการไหลของวัสดุและอุปกรณ์ที่ใช้ในการจัดการและจัดเก็บ หรือการประมวลผลที่ใช้ในการจัดการและจัดเก็บ หรือการประมวลผล วัสดุ การพิจารณาเท่ากับต้องเป็นวัสดุEqual consideration must be given to both the material characteristics given to both the material characteristics James K. Prescott is James K. Prescott is senior project engineer and senior project engineer and Roger A. Barnum is Roger A. Barnum is project engineer at Jenike & project engineer at Jenike & Johanson, Inc., One Johanson, Inc., One Technology Drive, Westford, Technology Drive, Westford, MA 01886, tel. MA 01886, tel. 978.392.0300, 978.392.0300, fax 978.392.9980, e-mail fax 978.392.9980, e-mail jkprescott@jenike.com jkprescott@jenike.com *To whom all correspondence * To whom all correspondence should be addressed. should be addressed. On Powder On Powder Flowability Flowability James K.Prescott* and Roger A.Barnum James K.Prescott * and Roger A.บาร์นัม jenike & โจ นสัน , Inc jenike & โจ นสัน , Inc คำผงโลกเป็นคำผงโลกใช้ loosely และมีใช้โดยทั่วไปในปัจจุบัน และมีโดยทั่วไปจะถูกเชื่อมโยงอย่างใกล้ชิดกับถูกเชื่อมโยงอย่างใกล้ชิดกับวิธีการทดสอบที่ใช้วัดวิธีการทดสอบที่ใช้วัดมากกว่าความสำคัญกับมันมากกว่าให้ความสำคัญกับกระบวนการ . ง่ายดาย , process.To the formulator, flowability is linked to the flowability is linked to the product.To the engineer, product.To the engineer, flowability relates to the process. flowability relates to the process.เกี่ยวกับโลกเกี่ยวกับผงผงผลโลกกับพฤติกรรมที่เกิดขึ้นจริงในผลพฤติกรรมที่เกิดขึ้นจริงในกระบวนการผลิต กระบวนการผลิตจริงเป็นโลกที่แท้จริงคือวัด เหตุผลโลกวัด . This article connects typical This article connects typical powder handling processes to powder handling processes to flow property measurements of flow property measurements of value to the formulator and the value to the formulator and the process engineer. process engineer. S S
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62 62 เทคโนโลยีเภสัชกรรมเทคโนโลยีเภสัชกรรมตุลาคม 2543 ตุลาคม 2000 www.pharmaportal.com www.pharmaportal.com และอุปกรณ์ ผงเดียวกันอาจและอุปกรณ์ ผงเดียวกันอาจไหลดี ในหนึ่งถัง แต่ไม่ดีในการไหลได้ดีในหนึ่งถัง แต่ไม่ดีใน อีก อีก อนึ่ง ให้กระโดด อาจจะเหมือนกันhopper อาจจัดการให้แป้งได้ดี แต่เพราะจัดการอีกหนึ่งแป้งได้ดี แต่สาเหตุอื่น แป้งฝุ่นเพื่อวางสาย จึงเพิ่มเติม AC - ผงวางสาย ดังนั้น เพิ่มเติม AC - ดูแลโลก คือนิยามของผงแป้งดูแลความหมายของโลกคือความสามารถของผงไหลในที่ต้องการความสามารถของแป้งไหลในที่ต้องการ ลักษณะชิ้นส่วนเฉพาะของอุปกรณ์ลักษณะชิ้นส่วนเฉพาะของอุปกรณ์ กับนิยามนี้ ระยะฟรีไหลกับคำนิยามนี้ คำไหล , . ดังนั้นโดยทั่วไปใช้ ก็ไม่มีความหมาย ดังนั้น โดยทั่วไปใช้ ก็ไม่มีความหมาย เว้นแต่เฉพาะอุปกรณ์จัดการ เว้นแต่เฉพาะอุปกรณ์การจัดการวัสดุที่ระบุไว้ วัสดุที่ระบุไว้ The specific bulk characteristics and The specific bulk characteristics and properties of a powder that affect flow and properties of a powder that affect flow and. that can in principle be measured are that can in principle be measured are. known as flow properties .Examples of flow kn
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