where Foral is the apparent oral bioavailability of the
tetracycline, Doseoral is the dose from the water (measured
concentrations of the water medication multiplied
by the amount of water consumed over 24 h) for the
animal (Supplemental Table 1 in http://jas.fass.org/
content/vol87/issue11/), AUCoral is the AUC32–48 from
WinNonLin for that animal, and AUCIV and DoseIV are
the AUC and corresponding intravenous dose from the
Kniffen et al. (1989) study. The calculated Foral was
then used to estimate clearance and volume of distribution
at steady state for each group based on the following
equations: