Prior to the intervention, a physical characteristics analyzer
(Inbody 520, Biospace, Korea) was used to measure
the body weight and body mass index (BMI). A 10 cm visual
analogue scale (10 cm − VAS) was used pre- and posttest
to assess pain and discomfort during stair-climbing,
descending stairs, squatting, and long sitting. The static
Q-angle of the standing position and dynamic Q-angle of
coming down the stairs were also measured. All participants
had their anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS), tibial
tubercles and midpoint of their patella marked bilaterally by
the same examiner16). Static and dynamic Q-angles for the
standing position were measured on digital images of the
subjects captured by a digital video camera (SONY, DCRSR300,
Japan). The camera was positioned on a tripod 2 m
away from the subjects, with the camera height set to each
individual’s patella height. The angles were calculated