We chose a span based on the Akaike Information Criteria10
which balances the bias and variance incurred by
the smoothing approach. The optimal span was approximately
5% of the data or roughly 70 days for each of the
mortality end points. Visual inspection reveals that the
smooth function captures the unexplained drop in daily
mortality in 1994. Including the smooth function as an
explanatory variable in the model therefore provides a statistical
control for the apparent problems in the mortality
data in 1994 and 1995. Including the smooth and yearspecific
season dummy variables as explanatory variables
is one of the approaches we used to adjust for the unexplained
drop in the daily mortality counts during 1994 and
late in 1995, and for differences that occur during the rainy
season. Estimates were generated using S-Plus.12
Based on previous studies, daily temperature and
humidity were modeled by considering lags and moving
averages of up to three days. The lag showing the
strongest association based on the ratio of the estimated
coefficient to its standard error (t-ratio) was included for
further analysis. Locally weighted smoothers for temperature
and humidity were also examined, as were extremes
in temperature and humidity.
Several different sensitivity analyses were also conducted.
First, the full array of alternative mortality end
points was examined using the full four years of data, including
the measured PM10 concentrations. Second, we
reran the models using the visibility-based estimates of
PM10 concentrations for the full four years. Finally, we
reran the model using visibility-based estimates of PM10
We chose a span based on the Akaike Information Criteria10which balances the bias and variance incurred bythe smoothing approach. The optimal span was approximately5% of the data or roughly 70 days for each of themortality end points. Visual inspection reveals that thesmooth function captures the unexplained drop in dailymortality in 1994. Including the smooth function as anexplanatory variable in the model therefore provides a statisticalcontrol for the apparent problems in the mortalitydata in 1994 and 1995. Including the smooth and yearspecificseason dummy variables as explanatory variablesis one of the approaches we used to adjust for the unexplaineddrop in the daily mortality counts during 1994 andlate in 1995, and for differences that occur during the rainyseason. Estimates were generated using S-Plus.12Based on previous studies, daily temperature andhumidity were modeled by considering lags and movingaverages of up to three days. The lag showing thestrongest association based on the ratio of the estimatedcoefficient to its standard error (t-ratio) was included forfurther analysis. Locally weighted smoothers for temperatureand humidity were also examined, as were extremesin temperature and humidity.Several different sensitivity analyses were also conducted.First, the full array of alternative mortality endpoints was examined using the full four years of data, includingthe measured PM10 concentrations. Second, wereran แบบจำลองที่ใช้ประเมินการมองเห็นของความเข้มข้น PM10 สี่ปีเต็ม สุดท้าย เราreran แบบจำลองที่ใช้ประเมินการมองเห็นของ PM10
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
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We chose a span based on the Akaike Information Criteria10
which balances the bias and variance incurred by
the smoothing approach. The optimal span was approximately
5% of the data or roughly 70 days for each of the
mortality end points. Visual inspection reveals that the
smooth function captures the unexplained drop in daily
mortality in 1994. Including the smooth function as an
explanatory variable in the model therefore provides a statistical
control for the apparent problems in the mortality
data in 1994 and 1995. Including the smooth and yearspecific
season dummy variables as explanatory variables
is one of the approaches we used to adjust for the unexplained
drop in the daily mortality counts during 1994 and
late in 1995, and for differences that occur during the rainy
season. Estimates were generated using S-Plus.12
Based on previous studies, daily temperature and
humidity were modeled by considering lags and moving
averages of up to three days. The lag showing the
strongest association based on the ratio of the estimated
coefficient to its standard error (t-ratio) was included for
further analysis. Locally weighted smoothers for temperature
and humidity were also examined, as were extremes
in temperature and humidity.
Several different sensitivity analyses were also conducted.
First, the full array of alternative mortality end
points was examined using the full four years of data, including
the measured PM10 concentrations. Second, we
reran the models using the visibility-based estimates of
PM10 concentrations for the full four years. Finally, we
reran the model using visibility-based estimates of PM10
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
