In two villages in Ecuador with severe intellectual
disability and a cretinism rate of up to 8%, one village
received iodine treatment, and one did not and served
as an iodine-deficient control.20 Participants were all
women of child-bearing age, pregnant women and
children, and coverage with iodine was estimated to
be about 90%. The treatment village received an injection
of iodised oil and was then followed at 4-year
intervals for ª20 years, and the effects on the offspring
were recorded.20,21 No more cretins were born in the
treated village. Two years after treatment had began,
the mean developmental quotient in infancy was not
significantly different between villages. However,
mean IQ measured in first and second grade children
was higher by ª10 points in the treated village than in
the control village. Five years after treatment began,
the treated group was divided into three groups: (i)
children born after treatment had begun; (ii) children
whose mothers had received iodine during pregnancy;
and (iii) children whose mothers had received
iodine prior to conception. The later group had significantly
higher IQ than the first two groups (76.8 vs.
72.3 vs. 65.2, respectively). Studies done several years
later in these children also suggested that iodine
treatment late in pregnancy or afterward had no benefits
of children’s IQ at 3–5 years of age, but treatment
early in pregnancy or prior to conception improved
In two villages in Ecuador with severe intellectual
disability and a cretinism rate of up to 8%, one village
received iodine treatment, and one did not and served
as an iodine-deficient control.20 Participants were all
women of child-bearing age, pregnant women and
children, and coverage with iodine was estimated to
be about 90%. The treatment village received an injection
of iodised oil and was then followed at 4-year
intervals for ª20 years, and the effects on the offspring
were recorded.20,21 No more cretins were born in the
treated village. Two years after treatment had began,
the mean developmental quotient in infancy was not
significantly different between villages. However,
mean IQ measured in first and second grade children
was higher by ª10 points in the treated village than in
the control village. Five years after treatment began,
the treated group was divided into three groups: (i)
children born after treatment had begun; (ii) children
whose mothers had received iodine during pregnancy;
and (iii) children whose mothers had received
iodine prior to conception. The later group had significantly
higher IQ than the first two groups (76.8 vs.
72.3 vs. 65.2, respectively). Studies done several years
later in these children also suggested that iodine
treatment late in pregnancy or afterward had no benefits
of children’s IQ at 3–5 years of age, but treatment
early in pregnancy or prior to conception improved
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