As expressed by Linklater(1992b: 36), Kant"considered the possibility that state power would be tamed by principles of international order and that, in time, international order would be modified until it conformed with principles of cosmopolitan justice". Kant's theory of international relations is an early attempt to map out a critical international theory by absorbing the insights and the in realist and rationalist thought under an interest in universal freedom and justice Linklater believes Marx's approach to be too narrow in its focus on class-based exclusion, he thinks it nevertheless provides the basis of a social theory on which critical international theory must build. As Linklater observed(1990a: 159) both Marx and Kant share the desire for a universal society of free individuals, a universal kingdom of ends'. Both held strong attachments to the Enlightenment themes of freedom and universalism, and both launched strong critiques of particularistic life-forms with the intention of expanding moral and political community