Reinforcement Theories
The reinforcement theory, popular until the 1960s, "would have us believe that motivation is not in the person, it is in the environment."4 This theory is based on the premise that behavior is determined by its consequences. It suggests that learning can be manipulated by a program of rewards and punishments.
B. F. Skinner developed a complex system called "operant conditioning" in which new behaviors were created step by step to eventually lead to complex sequences. 5 Animal trainers have used these techniques successfully in circuses and aquariums for decades, skinner's theories emphasize controlling and manipulating learners, and they attribute learning to external stimuli and extrinsic rewards. A teacher uses the reinforcement theory in the classroom by giving tangible, marketable, or commercially valued prizes, such as stickers or candies for work completed. An incentive is a reward that has no material value, but its purpose for reinforcing or motivating is the same. Incentives might include assigning bonus marks or free time, or making deals with students to earn special privileges. 6 Reinforcement focuses on observable behavior but ignores the emotional or cognitive aspects of the child.