Dyes are important sources of water pollution and their
degradation products may be carcinogens and toxic to mammals.
It is estimated that about 15% of the total production of dyes are lost
and discharged in the effluent during dye production and dying
process. Azo dyes make up the majority (60–70%) of the dyes applied
in textile processing and are considered to be recalcitrant, non-
biodegradable and persistent