3. Results and discussion
It was observed that the convective heat transfer coefficient showed the same trend as a dynamic of water migration (drying rate, dm=dt). The time during the frying process in which the water migration becomes almost constant was observed to be the time in which the convective heat transfer coefficient has showed the minimal values (Fig. 2). The minimal values of convec- tive heat transfer coefficient were observed after 90 and 120 s of frying, which depended on formulation of po- tato dough.
Elevated amount of whole potato flour in dough decreased the heat transfer coefficient at temperatures of 160 and 170 °C, at all amounts of potato flour mixtures. At temperatures of 180 and 190 °C elevated amount of whole potato flour in dough decreased the heat transfer coefficient for potato dough in samples with 30%, 40% and 50% amounts of potato mixture, in comparison with reference sample (Fig. 3, Table 4). First stage of deep-fat frying, initial-heating, can be described as the initial immersion of a raw material into the hot oil and can be characterised by the absence of water vaporisation. During this stage the heat is transferred from the oil to the food via free convection, and via conduction through the food as the frying process proceeds. During the stage two (3–5 s after immersion of a raw material into hot oil), more water evaporates from the outer regions of a dough ball and water vapour bubbles escaping from the surface of the dough ball cause considerable turbulence in the oil, which cause intensive heat transfer (Singh, 1995). In efficient heat transfer between the bottom side of the food and the oil. The stage two (surface boiling) is characterised by the sudden loss of free moisture at the surface, increased surface heat transfer, and inception of crust formation. Crust formation occurred primarily at the bottom surface of the food, and it become thicker showing increased resistance to evaporation. As temperature increased, the crust formation decreases due to a higher rate of evaporation. The evaporation rate was higher before crust formation as was as tur- bulence within the oil. The convective heat transfer coefficient at the bottom surface decreased after the crust formation (Sahin et al., 1999a, 1999b). The oil turbulence caused by the bubbles leads to increase heat transfer rates. Some studies showed that when the water loss rate is very high the bubbles near the potato surface might hinder the heat transfer (Costa et al., 1999).
3. ผลลัพธ์ และสนทนาได้สังเกตได้ว่า ค่าสัมประสิทธิ์การถ่ายโอนความร้อนด้วยการพาแสดงให้เห็นแนวโน้มเดียวกันเป็นแบบไดนามิกของการโยกย้ายน้ำ (อัตราการอบแห้ง dm = dt) เวลาระหว่างทอดซึ่งการย้ายน้ำจะคงเกือบถูกสังเกตเวลาที่สัมประสิทธิ์การถ่ายโอนความร้อนด้วยการพามีพบค่าน้อยที่สุด (Fig. 2) ค่าน้อยที่สุดของสัมประสิทธิ์การถ่ายโอนความร้อน convec tive สุภัคหลัง 90 และ 120 s ของทอด ซึ่งขึ้นอยู่กับการกำหนดของ tato ปอแป้งElevated amount of whole potato flour in dough decreased the heat transfer coefficient at temperatures of 160 and 170 °C, at all amounts of potato flour mixtures. At temperatures of 180 and 190 °C elevated amount of whole potato flour in dough decreased the heat transfer coefficient for potato dough in samples with 30%, 40% and 50% amounts of potato mixture, in comparison with reference sample (Fig. 3, Table 4). First stage of deep-fat frying, initial-heating, can be described as the initial immersion of a raw material into the hot oil and can be characterised by the absence of water vaporisation. During this stage the heat is transferred from the oil to the food via free convection, and via conduction through the food as the frying process proceeds. During the stage two (3–5 s after immersion of a raw material into hot oil), more water evaporates from the outer regions of a dough ball and water vapour bubbles escaping from the surface of the dough ball cause considerable turbulence in the oil, which cause intensive heat transfer (Singh, 1995). In efficient heat transfer between the bottom side of the food and the oil. The stage two (surface boiling) is characterised by the sudden loss of free moisture at the surface, increased surface heat transfer, and inception of crust formation. Crust formation occurred primarily at the bottom surface of the food, and it become thicker showing increased resistance to evaporation. As temperature increased, the crust formation decreases due to a higher rate of evaporation. The evaporation rate was higher before crust formation as was as tur- bulence within the oil. The convective heat transfer coefficient at the bottom surface decreased after the crust formation (Sahin et al., 1999a, 1999b). The oil turbulence caused by the bubbles leads to increase heat transfer rates. Some studies showed that when the water loss rate is very high the bubbles near the potato surface might hinder the heat transfer (Costa et al., 1999).
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