The participation of women in the U.S. labor force has risen dramatically since 1970. Other aspects of well-‐being that are associated with the rise in women's increasedทlabor-‐ force participation include increased self-‐esteem and prestige for women in the workforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents งhave less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficult to measure.