One measure is to adopt lean techniques which identify and eliminate the root causes of waste. while some of these techniques are now being adopted in large Chinese factories such as Toyota Motor, Delphi, and Lear, the majority of /chinese companies have yet to embrace the idea of lean manufacturing. The adoption of lean techniques in China can be challenging. Chinese managers tend to be promoted recently from the shop floor and may lack critical problem-solving, coaching and performance management skills. They also do not possess sufficient industry-specific knowledge needed to diagnose and solve complex prblems. High employee turnover is another challenge to lean adoption as continuity is crucial to the use of lean techniques. Cultural norms may also obstruct companies from addressing wasteful practices. By and large, the hierarchical nature of Chinese organizations hampers cooperation and collaborative decision making across departments that is often required to eradicate problems.