Characteristics of CS
1. Problem-orientedness
• Resource deficit – gap in the L2 learner's knowledge
• Own-performance problems – uncertainty in the
correctness of the message
• Other-performance problems – problems processing
the interlocutor's speech
• Processing time pressure – problems in conveying the
message fluently
2. Consciousness
• Consciousness as awareness of a problem: the L2
learner is aware of the fact that he/she is having a
problem. This distinguishes CS from mistakes.
• Consciousness as intentionality: the speaker uses the
CS intentionally to solve a problem.