This refocus has replaced Wal-Mart’s earlier emphasis on tagging products at the case
or pallet level. Companies like Procter & Gamble, once a leader in tagging products at the
case or pallet levels, are no longer actively involved in RFID initiatives (Gilmore, 2011).
The demand by retailers for tags at the item level may continue to impact warehouses and
DCs as part of their “value added” activities.