We identified several usage patterns that were closely related
to smartphone overuse. The risk group spent more time on
smartphone use per day (risk group: 253.0 min vs. nonrisk
group: 207.0 min) compared with the non-risk group,
and there were also diurnal usage differences (greater usage
in the morning and evening). The usage sessions that were
initiated by the push notifications were longer for the risk
group, which demonstrated that notifications acted as external
cues related to problematic usage patterns. The risk group
consumed significantly more online content that can provide
instant gratifications (e.g., pastimes, entertainment, and information
seeking).