– Pursed‐lip breathing
– Grunting
– Nasal flaring
– Use of accessory muscles
• Visible head bobbing in infants indicates they are
using accessory muscles to breathe
• Pursed‐lip breathing and grunting helps maintain
pressure in airways (even during exhalation)
• Pressure helps to support bronchial walls internally
that have lost their external support as a result of
disease