Figure 4.6 gives an example of a literature map created by a student who examined literature about the consequences of different educational accountability policies (zhvania, 2007). At the top of the figure she lists the topic: educational accountability policies. Below the top level, she identifies two sub-topics: the elements of accountability policies and the consequences of accountability policies. Within each of these areas, she identifies themes in the literature that she read, such as effective approaches to accountability. issues of high-stakes teaching, and consequences to school, teacher, and student behavior. Under each theme, she lists the research studies that she reviewed. In the center of the map, Zhvania advances her proposed study to extend the literature by addressing the question, "What are the effects of policies that promote rewards on student performance?