The measure of export commitment was based on items
culled from Gencturk, Childers, and Ruekert's (1995) scale of
managerial attitudes to international marketing. Jaworski and
Kohli's (1993) measure of ‘top management emphasis’ was
modified for the export setting and formed the basis of the
emphasis on export market-orientation scale. Export experience
was based on Seringhaus' (1991) measure of experiential
export knowledge. Finally, to capture export environmental
turbulence, we used Cadogan et al.'s (2001) adaptations of
Jaworski and Kohli's (1993) measures of competitive
intensity and technological turbulence. The original instruments
were modified to reflect changes taking place in firms'
export markets, not changes taking place in firms' domestic
markets.