Probiotic bread crust systems and free bacteria with or without bread crust were compared for their ability to survive in-vitro digestion simulating the human gastric and intestinal environments.The method was based on a previously published procedure(Yonekura & Nagao, 2009), with modifications to better resemble the gastric pepsin activity (1600 unit/mL) and duodenal bile salt concentration (4.4 g/L) found in human aspirates (Faye, Tamburello,Vegarud, & Skeie, 2012; Reppas & Vertzoni, 2012). Three-hundred milligrams of bread crust or the equivalent counts of viable bacteria(pelleted from MRS broth and washed once with PBS) were