responses to change were firs considered in the context to the mass society theory encompassing contemporary structural trends,forms of alienation and behavioral consequences. the various manifestations of alienation such as powerlessnesss,meaninglessness,normlessness, value isolation,self-estrangement,and social isolation were seen as responses to change other forms of responses discussed included the cargo cult,religious responses social movements,status withdrawal in the context of retreatism,and an expansion of mertro’s typology of modes of individual adaptation.