Confucianism still uses the concept of responsibility and justice. for example, Mencius discusses social justice several times, as mentioned above. his concepts, however, were considerably different from the concepts of social justice used today. In general, in past Confucian history, not enough attention has been paid to critiquing the current state of justice and striving for justice among the poor and oppressed. professor Lin Anwu’s explanation for this is worth quoting at length:
There are three types of Confucianism: the first one is “Adaptive Confucianism” which provided guidance for the activities and occu- pations of daily life. Secondly, “Dominating Confucianism” was used as a political tool to organize and dominate over a monarchial and patriarchal society. The third type of Confucianism is “Critical Confucianism” that criticized injustice and other social problems in society and government. Dominating Confucianism has been the pri- mary type of Confucianism practiced in Chinese history, therefore it suppresses the development of Critical Confucianism. (2003:114)
Similar to Confucianism, philosophical Daoism has two phases. The first phase occurred during the Qin dynasty (221–206 B.C.E.). This phase marked the advent of Daoism, during which Daoism’s most respected scholars, Laozi and Zhuangzi, are said to have com- piled the major canonical Daoist works. The second phase lasted from the end of the Qin dynasty (around 206 B.C.e.) to the Qing dynasty (A.D. 1644–1912). During this time, Daoism existed under political monarchy. Due to the restrictions placed on physical activities during the imperial monarchy, philosophers researched subjective metaphys- ics instead.22
Confucianism and Daoism emphasize self-cultivation more than social justice. As far as political action is concerned, Confucians and Daoists have been known to campaign for changes in the Chinese political structure. for instance, local covenant (xiangyue), discussed above, emphasized helping each other and promoting philanthropy; however, changing the social structure was not advocated. Therefore, in some sense, Confucianism and Daoism have been more affiliated with subjective cultivation of mind and body and seem to lack the critical perspective that designates social awareness.
Liberation theology on a large scale does denote specific and rigid ideas of what constitutes social justice, but it can serve as a social the- ory to practice justice fully. According to liberation theology, its per- spective on justice is central, and pursuing social justice is at the heart of following God’s will (Liu, 1996:235), “for whatever you have done to the least of these brothers and sisters, you have done to me . . . enter into the reward prepared to you for all eternity” (Mt 25:31-46). This differs greatly from Karl Marx’s theory of liberation and also differs from that of Confucianism and Daoism. In the modern world, one-third of the global population suffers from starvation. Liberation theology can encourage different religions and cultures to continue to develop a means to be in solidarity with this population. Therefore, some tenets of liberation theology can be joined with tenets of Con- fucianism and Daoism and hand-in-hand they can work to develop a more philanthropic culture, internally within the minds of people and externally by changing the social structure.
Confucianism still uses the concept of responsibility and justice. for example, Mencius discusses social justice several times, as mentioned above. his concepts, however, were considerably different from the concepts of social justice used today. In general, in past Confucian history, not enough attention has been paid to critiquing the current state of justice and striving for justice among the poor and oppressed. professor Lin Anwu’s explanation for this is worth quoting at length:There are three types of Confucianism: the first one is “Adaptive Confucianism” which provided guidance for the activities and occu- pations of daily life. Secondly, “Dominating Confucianism” was used as a political tool to organize and dominate over a monarchial and patriarchal society. The third type of Confucianism is “Critical Confucianism” that criticized injustice and other social problems in society and government. Dominating Confucianism has been the pri- mary type of Confucianism practiced in Chinese history, therefore it suppresses the development of Critical Confucianism. (2003:114)Similar to Confucianism, philosophical Daoism has two phases. The first phase occurred during the Qin dynasty (221–206 B.C.E.). This phase marked the advent of Daoism, during which Daoism’s most respected scholars, Laozi and Zhuangzi, are said to have com- piled the major canonical Daoist works. The second phase lasted from the end of the Qin dynasty (around 206 B.C.e.) to the Qing dynasty (A.D. 1644–1912). During this time, Daoism existed under political monarchy. Due to the restrictions placed on physical activities during the imperial monarchy, philosophers researched subjective metaphys- ics instead.22 Confucianism and Daoism emphasize self-cultivation more than social justice. As far as political action is concerned, Confucians and Daoists have been known to campaign for changes in the Chinese political structure. for instance, local covenant (xiangyue), discussed above, emphasized helping each other and promoting philanthropy; however, changing the social structure was not advocated. Therefore, in some sense, Confucianism and Daoism have been more affiliated with subjective cultivation of mind and body and seem to lack the critical perspective that designates social awareness.Liberation theology on a large scale does denote specific and rigid ideas of what constitutes social justice, but it can serve as a social the- ory to practice justice fully. According to liberation theology, its per- spective on justice is central, and pursuing social justice is at the heart of following God’s will (Liu, 1996:235), “for whatever you have done to the least of these brothers and sisters, you have done to me . . . enter into the reward prepared to you for all eternity” (Mt 25:31-46). This differs greatly from Karl Marx’s theory of liberation and also differs from that of Confucianism and Daoism. In the modern world, one-third of the global population suffers from starvation. Liberation theology can encourage different religions and cultures to continue to develop a means to be in solidarity with this population. Therefore, some tenets of liberation theology can be joined with tenets of Con- fucianism and Daoism and hand-in-hand they can work to develop a more philanthropic culture, internally within the minds of people and externally by changing the social structure.
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