-North-south stretching equals east-west stretching (sec φ): The east-west scale matches the north-south scale: conformal cylindrical or Mercator; this distorts areas excessively in high latitudes (see also transverse Mercator).
-North-south stretching grows with latitude faster than east-west stretching The cylindric perspective (or central cylindrical) projection; unsuitable because distortion is even worse than in the Mercator projection.
-North-south stretching grows with latitude, but less quickly than the east-west stretching: such as the Miller cylindrical projection
-North-south distances neither stretched nor compressed (1): equirectangular projection or "plate carrée".
-North-south compression equals the cosine of the latitude (the reciprocal of east-west stretching): equal-area cylindrical. This projection has many named specializations differing only in the scaling constant, such as the Gall–Peters or Gall orthographic (undistorted at the 45° parallels), Behrmann (undistorted at the 30° parallels), and Lambert cylindrical equal-area (undistorted at the equator). Since this projection scales north-south distances by the reciprocal of east-west stretching, it preserves area at the expense of shapes.
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