Abstract: Climate variability has been and continues to be, the principal source of fluctuations in global foodproduction in countries of the developing world and is of serious concern in the Kingdom of Swaziland. Themean annual rainfall is considerably low in most parts of the country and temporal variability is quite high. Insome places, as much as 60% of the annual total rainfall is recorded in just two months of the year. There ishowever, no definite trend discernible in the long-term mean rainfall. Rainfall variability is a threat to foodproduction in Swaziland especially maize production which is the staple food. The objective of this study wasto investigate the effects of climate variability and change on maize production and household food securityin Swaziland. To achieve the objective, secondary data on rainfall in two agro-ecological zones and maizeproduction from 1990 to 2009 were analysed using two-way analysis of variance and the data was thensubjected to regression analyses to establish trends. Results showed significant differences in average rainfalland growing season rainfall on maize production. The rainfall trends in the Lowveld (severe drought prone area)tended to be declining whilst that of Middleveld (moderate drought prone area) was somewhat stable.Reduced/or erratic rainfall during the years resulted in decreased maize production. However, rainwaterharvesting/soil conservation techniques, intercropping, growing of short duration/early maturing maizevarieties, crop diversification such as millet and sorghum and migration of farmers to more productive SwaziNation Land (SNL) for crop production can mitigate further the impacts of climate change and increasehousehold food security in Swaziland