Depression
The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D; 28) scale
is a 20-item measure of symptoms of depression manifest in the general
population. It has been widely validated as a screening instrument for
psychological distress in diverse community samples (29). This instrument
requires respondents to endorse each item with respect to the last
week using a Likert scale with total scores ranging from 0 to 60. Higher
scores indicate greater reported depressive symptoms. The CES-D scale
was self-administered at ≤20 weeks’ gestation and between 24 and 29
weeks’ gestation.