2. The Instant Plans
After considering these principles and reviewing the designs in question, we conclude that even if Defendants copied Zalewski's plans, they copied only the unprotected elements of his designs. Plaintiff's principal argument is that Defendants' designs are so close to his that Defendants must have infringed. He is correct that the designs are, in many respects, quite close, but this is not enough. It proves at most copying, not wrongful copying.
First, many of the similarities are a function of consumer expectations and standard house design generally. Plaintiff can get no credit for putting a closet in every bedroom, a fireplace in the middle of an exterior wall, and kitchen counters against the kitchen walls. Furthermore, the overall footprint of the house and the size of the rooms are “design parameters” dictated by consumer preferences and the lot the house will occupy, not the architect. See Gaito, 602 F.3d at 68.
Finally, most of the similarities between Plaintiff's and Defendants' designs are features of all colonial homes, or houses generally. So long as Plaintiff was seeking to design a colonial house, he was bound to certain conventions. He cannot claim copyright in those conventions. Great artists often express themselves through the vocabulary of existing forms. Shakespeare wrote his Sonnets; Brahms composed his Hungarian Dances; and Plaintiff designed his colonial houses. Because we must preserve these forms for future artists, neither iambic pentameter, nor European folk motifs, nor clapboard siding are copyrightable.
Plaintiff makes no attempt to distinguish those aspects of his designs that were original to him from those dictated by the form in which he worked. For example, Zalewski claims that the “front porches are the same design, size, and in the same location.” Reply Br. 6. But a door centered on the front of the house is typical of many homes, and colonials in particular.20 Moreover, there are subtle differences in the paneling, size, and framing of Plaintiff's and Defendants' doors. These differences are not great, but given the constraints of a colonial design, they are significant. The same is true of the windows and garage doors that Plaintiff claims are identical. They are quite similar in location, size, and general design, but again, the similarities are due primarily to the shared colonial archetype. The window panes, shutters, and garage-door paneling all have subtle differences. Likewise, the designs' shared footprint and general layout are in keeping with the colonial style. There are only so many ways to arrange four bedrooms upstairs and a kitchen, dining room, living room, and study downstairs. Beyond these similarities, Plaintiff's and Defendants' layouts are different in many ways. The exact placement and sizes of doors, closets, and countertops often differ as do the arrangements of rooms.
Although he undoubtedly spent many hours on his designs, and although there is certainly something of Plaintiff's own expression in his work, as long as Plaintiff adhered to a pre-existing style his original contribution was slight—his copyright very thin. Only very close copying would have taken whatever actually belonged to Plaintiff. See Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. v. Comline Bus. Data, Inc., 166 F.3d 65, 71 (2d Cir.1999). Copying that is not so close would—and in this case did—only capture the generalities of the style in which Plaintiff worked and elements common to all homes. Defendants' houses shared Plaintiff's general style, but took nothing from his original expression.
2.แผนการทันทีหลังจากพิจารณาหลักการเหล่านี้ และตรวจสอบการออกแบบสอบถาม เราสามารถสรุปได้ว่า แม้จำเลยคัดลอกแผนของ Zalewski พวกเขาคัดลอกเฉพาะองค์ประกอบไม่มีการป้องกันของการออกแบบของเขา อาร์กิวเมนต์หลักของโจทก์คือการออกแบบของจำเลยเพื่อให้ใกล้กับของเขาที่ ต้องละเมิดจำเลย เขาถูกต้องว่า การออกแบบ ถือ ค่อนข้างปิด แต่ไม่เพียงพอ พิสูจน์คัดลอกมากที่สุด การคัดลอกผิดศีลธรรมไม่ครั้งแรก ที่หลายคล้ายคลึงกันเป็นฟังก์ชันของความคาดหวังของผู้บริโภคและแบบบ้านมาตรฐานทั่วไป โจทก์จะได้รับไม่มีเครดิตสำหรับการวางตู้ในห้องนอนทุกห้อง เตาไฟกลางเป็นผนังภายนอก และเคาน์เตอร์ครัวกับผนังห้องครัว นอกจากนี้ ขนาดโดยรวมของบ้านและขนาดของห้องจะบอก "พารามิเตอร์การออกแบบ" โดยบริโภค และล็อตบ้านจะครอบ ครอง ไม่ได้เป็นสถาปนิก ดู Gaito, 602 F.3d ที่ 68ในที่สุด มากที่สุดของความคล้ายคลึงระหว่างการออกแบบของโจทก์และของจำเลยมีคุณสมบัติของทุกบ้านโคโลเนียล หรือบ้านทั่วไป ตราบใดที่โจทก์กำลังมองหาการออกแบบบ้านแบบโคโลเนียล เขาถูกผูกไว้กับแบบแผนบางอย่าง เขาไม่เรียกร้องลิขสิทธิ์ในแบบแผนเหล่านั้น ศิลปินมักจะแสดงตัวเองผ่านคำศัพท์ของฟอร์มที่มีอยู่ เชคสเปียร์ได้เขียนโคลงของเขา บราห์มประกอบด้วยรำเขาฮังการี และโจทก์มาพักของเขา เพราะเราต้องรักษาฟอร์มเหล่านี้ในอนาคตศิลปิน ใช่ iambic pentameter หรือลวดลายพื้นบ้านยุโรป หรือผนัง clapboard เป็นลิขสิทธิ์Plaintiff makes no attempt to distinguish those aspects of his designs that were original to him from those dictated by the form in which he worked. For example, Zalewski claims that the “front porches are the same design, size, and in the same location.” Reply Br. 6. But a door centered on the front of the house is typical of many homes, and colonials in particular.20 Moreover, there are subtle differences in the paneling, size, and framing of Plaintiff's and Defendants' doors. These differences are not great, but given the constraints of a colonial design, they are significant. The same is true of the windows and garage doors that Plaintiff claims are identical. They are quite similar in location, size, and general design, but again, the similarities are due primarily to the shared colonial archetype. The window panes, shutters, and garage-door paneling all have subtle differences. Likewise, the designs' shared footprint and general layout are in keeping with the colonial style. There are only so many ways to arrange four bedrooms upstairs and a kitchen, dining room, living room, and study downstairs. Beyond these similarities, Plaintiff's and Defendants' layouts are different in many ways. The exact placement and sizes of doors, closets, and countertops often differ as do the arrangements of rooms.Although he undoubtedly spent many hours on his designs, and although there is certainly something of Plaintiff's own expression in his work, as long as Plaintiff adhered to a pre-existing style his original contribution was slight—his copyright very thin. Only very close copying would have taken whatever actually belonged to Plaintiff. See Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. v. Comline Bus. Data, Inc., 166 F.3d 65, 71 (2d Cir.1999). Copying that is not so close would—and in this case did—only capture the generalities of the style in which Plaintiff worked and elements common to all homes. Defendants' houses shared Plaintiff's general style, but took nothing from his original expression.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
