Animation and video are described together because they share similar characteristics (e.g., a time component, presentation of motion or change). In addition, the advent of digital technologies for both animation and video production has blurred the distinction between artificial and real representations. Researchers who examine the impact of animation in education must consider the critiques leveled at any media comparison study. As is often the case, animation provides a simplified visual view of a process or behavior that
otherwise might be presented in a classroom with models or via video footage; however, animation may be able to uniquely portray an educational concept that might otherwise be difficult to visualize. It may also be used for financial or logistical reasons in lieu of another
approach; for example, Adamo-Villani and Beni (2004) described a system that uses realistic three-dimensional animation for the purpose of teaching finger spelling via sign language. Research focused on the use of animation most often describes its use with other forms
of presentation. In general, guidelines for its effectiveness can be categorized using a cognitive framework similar to the one used for multimedia. Table 8.5 categorizes findings from a number of studies within the context of the components of cognitive load theory.