Environmental insult to human skin by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as well as by cigarette
smoke and air pollution, generates reactive oxygen intermediates that contribute to both
acute and chronic skin damage (1,2). For example, immediately after overexposure to
sunlight, an erythemal response is induced that is associated with epidermal inflamma-
tory oxidative reactions. Moreover, in terms of chronic exposure, the involvement of
oxygen free radicals has also been implicated in actinic skin damage that manifests itself
in elastosis, collagen disorganization, and most notably in the appearance of wrinkles (3).
Due to increased outdoor leisure activities, these visible signs of photodamage and
premature aging have become widespread in our society. To address this problem, the
cosmetics industry has devoted much research toward the development of various skin
care products. Although protective sunscreen products that absorb UV and diffuse
photonic energy are widely used, cosmetic products that contain antioxidants, which
scavenge deleterious reactive oxygen species produced in skin after environmental
trauma, have also become standard for a healthy skin care regimen.
Although analytical techniques are available to measure the level of antioxidants in
cosmetic products, in general, they do not provide any information regarding their
potential activity. Further, due to the complex nature of cosmetic formulations, extract-
ing and determining biochemical activity in a finished product can be a challenging
task. Previously, we evaluated the antioxidant potential of certain cosmetic ingredients
(4) and also the antioxidant efficacy of finished products on skin (5). In this study, we
Environmental insult to human skin by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as well as by cigarette
smoke and air pollution, generates reactive oxygen intermediates that contribute to both
acute and chronic skin damage (1,2). For example, immediately after overexposure to
sunlight, an erythemal response is induced that is associated with epidermal inflamma-
tory oxidative reactions. Moreover, in terms of chronic exposure, the involvement of
oxygen free radicals has also been implicated in actinic skin damage that manifests itself
in elastosis, collagen disorganization, and most notably in the appearance of wrinkles (3).
Due to increased outdoor leisure activities, these visible signs of photodamage and
premature aging have become widespread in our society. To address this problem, the
cosmetics industry has devoted much research toward the development of various skin
care products. Although protective sunscreen products that absorb UV and diffuse
photonic energy are widely used, cosmetic products that contain antioxidants, which
scavenge deleterious reactive oxygen species produced in skin after environmental
trauma, have also become standard for a healthy skin care regimen.
Although analytical techniques are available to measure the level of antioxidants in
cosmetic products, in general, they do not provide any information regarding their
potential activity. Further, due to the complex nature of cosmetic formulations, extract-
ing and determining biochemical activity in a finished product can be a challenging
task. Previously, we evaluated the antioxidant potential of certain cosmetic ingredients
(4) and also the antioxidant efficacy of finished products on skin (5). In this study, we
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