Some variables were calculated from the confidence ratings for each question: mean
confidence of students when giving a correct or incorrect response, or simply general
confidence (CF), mean confidence of students when they gave a correct answer
(CFC) or wrong answer (CFW), mean confidence accuracy quotient (CAQ = CFC
– CFW/SD of Confidence of the students for the question, where SD is standard eviation), and confidence bias (CB = confidence rating recoded in a scale of 0 to 1 –
proportion of students who gave correct responses).