This paper presents results from a gate-to-gate analysis of the energy balance, greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions and economic efficiency of biochar production from palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB). The
analysis is based on data obtained from EFB combustion in a slow pyrolysis plant in Selangor, Malaysia. The
outputs of the slow pyrolysis plant are biochar, syngas, bio-oil and water vapor. The net energy yield of the
biochar produced in the Selangor plant is 11.47 MJ kg−1 EFB. The energy content of the biochar produced is
higher than the energy required for producing the biochar, i.e. the energy balance of biochar production is
positive. The combustion of EFB using diesel fuel has the largest energy demand of 2.31 MJ kg−1 EFB in the
pyrolysis process. Comparatively smaller amounts of energy are required as electricity (0.39 MJ kg−1 EFB)
and for transportation of biochar to the warehouse and the field (0.13 MJ kg−1 EFB). The net greenhouse
gas emissions of the studied biochar production account for 0.046 kg CO2-equiv. kg−1 EFB yr−1 without
considering fertilizer substitution effects and carbon accumulation from biochar in the soil. The studied
biochar production is profitable where biochar can be sold for at least 533 US-$ t−1. Potential measures
for improvement are discussed, including higher productivity of biochar production, reduced energy
consumption and efficient use of the byproducts from the slow pyrolysis
This paper presents results from a gate-to-gate analysis of the energy balance, greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions and economic efficiency of biochar production from palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB). The
analysis is based on data obtained from EFB combustion in a slow pyrolysis plant in Selangor, Malaysia. The
outputs of the slow pyrolysis plant are biochar, syngas, bio-oil and water vapor. The net energy yield of the
biochar produced in the Selangor plant is 11.47 MJ kg−1 EFB. The energy content of the biochar produced is
higher than the energy required for producing the biochar, i.e. the energy balance of biochar production is
positive. The combustion of EFB using diesel fuel has the largest energy demand of 2.31 MJ kg−1 EFB in the
pyrolysis process. Comparatively smaller amounts of energy are required as electricity (0.39 MJ kg−1 EFB)
and for transportation of biochar to the warehouse and the field (0.13 MJ kg−1 EFB). The net greenhouse
gas emissions of the studied biochar production account for 0.046 kg CO2-equiv. kg−1 EFB yr−1 without
considering fertilizer substitution effects and carbon accumulation from biochar in the soil. The studied
biochar production is profitable where biochar can be sold for at least 533 US-$ t−1. Potential measures
for improvement are discussed, including higher productivity of biochar production, reduced energy
consumption and efficient use of the byproducts from the slow pyrolysis
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