As part of the ethnonursing research method, enablers are used to tease out covert and complex data. e major ethnonursing enablers used in this study were Leiningeris Observation-Participation-Reflection (OPR), Stranger to Trusted Friend Enabler Guide, and the Acculturation Enabler. The OPR enabler is focused on in—depth observations followed by participation as guided . by the clients / informants. Naturalistic
in—depth interviews were used throughout the study. Leininger has emphasised "...focused observations, in-depth interviews, and participation with people in their known and natural living environments" (1990a). To facilitate the discovery of a comparative and holistic perspective regarding the meanings, expressions, and experiences of care for Iranian immigrants in the specific cultural context of NSW, the researcher visited a variety of settings such as informants‘ homes, schools, and community centres to participate in festivities, celebrations, weddings, picnics, and poetry recitals. Informants were primarily selected from Iranian immigrants residing in NSW.
According to Leininger (1991) information gathered during the initial entry to the research site by researchers as strangers to the people may not be as accurate and meaningful as information collected after the researcher has become known, accepted, and trusted. Although the researcher, as an Iranian could be considered an insider to the culture and as she could fluently speak Persian, the use of Leininger's Stranger-to-Trusted-Friend-Enabler- Guide proved most appropriate to use as many informants were unknown to the investigator prior to this study. Personal experiences of the researcher as an immigrant Iranian in Australia were useful in the processes of data collection and reflection. To avoid biases interfering with the truthfulness and credibility of data, the investigator (prior to entering the field) met with several experienced qualitative researchers to clarify any personal overt biases, strong feelings, and / or attitudes. Sessions held with several transcultural experts continued throughout the investigation which provided reflection and identification of any possible misinterpretations of or biases in the data. The ethnonursing method was most helpful to guide the researcher from collection to the final analysis of the data. The ethnonursing method as described by Leininger covers general ethnographic discoveries and keeps the focus on actual or potential nursing care phenomena under study.
Setting and Selection of Informants
The setting chosen for the study was a large urban city in Eastern Australia. The investigator, herself an immigrant, had lived in the state of NSW for 25 years. She had work experience in a variety of health care settings in the area, and was familiar with the environmental context where the majority of Iranian immigrants (65%) to Australia were living.
Key informants in this study were purposefully selected according to specific criteria. The criteria for key informant selection specified inclusion of individuals who were: (1) knowledgeable about the culture and the domain of inquiry under study, (2) born in Iran and
เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของวิธีการวิจัยของ ethnonursing, enablers จะใช้ล้อออกข้อมูลซับซ้อน และแอบแฝง อี enablers ethnonursing สำคัญที่ใช้ในการศึกษานี้มี Leiningeris Reflection สังเกตการมีส่วนร่วม (OPR), คนแปลกหน้าไปแนะนำเพื่อนสตัวเปิดใช้งานที่เชื่อถือได้ และสตัวเปิดใช้ งาน Acculturation สตัวเปิดใช้งาน OPR เน้นในตัวสังเกตความลึกตาม ด้วยการเข้าร่วมเป็นตัวการ จากลูกค้า / คุณค่า Naturalistic ในแบบสัมภาษณ์ลึกใช้ตลอดการศึกษา มี emphasised Leininger "... .focused สังเกต การสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึก และมีส่วนร่วมกับบุคคลในสภาพแวดล้อมของธรรมชาติ และรู้จักชีวิต" (1990a) เพื่อให้ง่ายต่อการค้นพบมุมมองแบบองค์รวม และเปรียบเทียบเกี่ยวกับความหมาย นิพจน์ และประสบการณ์ดูแลสำหรับผู้อพยพชาวอิหร่านในบริบทวัฒนธรรม specific ของนิวเซาธ์เวลส์ นักวิจัยเยี่ยมชมความหลากหลายของการตั้งค่าของคุณค่าบ้าน โรงเรียน และศูนย์ชุมชนเข้าร่วมในงานเฉลิมฉลอง งานฉลอง งานแต่งงาน ปิกนิก และสร้างบทกวี คุณค่าหลักถูกเลือกจากผู้อพยพชาวอิหร่านในนิวเซาธ์เวลส์ According to Leininger (1991) information gathered during the initial entry to the research site by researchers as strangers to the people may not be as accurate and meaningful as information collected after the researcher has become known, accepted, and trusted. Although the researcher, as an Iranian could be considered an insider to the culture and as she could fluently speak Persian, the use of Leininger's Stranger-to-Trusted-Friend-Enabler- Guide proved most appropriate to use as many informants were unknown to the investigator prior to this study. Personal experiences of the researcher as an immigrant Iranian in Australia were useful in the processes of data collection and reflection. To avoid biases interfering with the truthfulness and credibility of data, the investigator (prior to entering the field) met with several experienced qualitative researchers to clarify any personal overt biases, strong feelings, and / or attitudes. Sessions held with several transcultural experts continued throughout the investigation which provided reflection and identification of any possible misinterpretations of or biases in the data. The ethnonursing method was most helpful to guide the researcher from collection to the final analysis of the data. The ethnonursing method as described by Leininger covers general ethnographic discoveries and keeps the focus on actual or potential nursing care phenomena under study. Setting and Selection of Informants The setting chosen for the study was a large urban city in Eastern Australia. The investigator, herself an immigrant, had lived in the state of NSW for 25 years. She had work experience in a variety of health care settings in the area, and was familiar with the environmental context where the majority of Iranian immigrants (65%) to Australia were living. Key informants in this study were purposefully selected according to specific criteria. The criteria for key informant selection specified inclusion of individuals who were: (1) knowledgeable about the culture and the domain of inquiry under study, (2) born in Iran and
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