The foundation of Toyota’s principles of management is based on the three levels of culture of Shein’s
pyramid: artefacts and behavior, norms and values, and underlying assumptions (Hoseus and Liker 2008).
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997) characterize Japanese culture as the Family culture type and
Hofstede (Itim International 2009) states that Japanese culture is a collectivistic society with male domination,
strict rules and laws at work, and long-term orientation; moreover, Toyota culture is a perfect reflection of
Japanese culture (Hoseus and Liker 2008). Toyota’s way is based on (Elsey and Fujiwara 2000): continuous
improvement and learning, respect for people and mutual trust, teamwork and long-term thinking. These
principles help the strategic development of the company, which is penetrating various international markets
and the production of quality vehicles at low costs (Direction, 2008). Most people have worked for more than
10 years in the company, and they like what they do, and they are proud of what they do. Finally, there are two
main factors that lead the Toyota Company to success: technological innovations and qualified human
resources (Elsey and Fujiwara 2000).
謀པ