11. The teacher of related subjects should, at every opportunity, stress the safety applications of his subject matter. They are as important in the related science class as in the shop.
12. Students should be trained in correct attitudes toward safety. The idea should be developed that safe conduct by the individual affects the safety of the group; also, that the minor factors are as important as the major factors.
13. The instructor must not forget that he is personally responsible for the safety of his students. Any negligence on his part any cost the community sizable amounts of money and may affect his status as a teacher.
14. The beginning teacher should make an effort to find out, as soon as possible, from supervisor or principal:
a. School procedures to follow when accidents occur.
b. Methods of reporting accidents and forms used.
c. To whom reports are to be made when unsafe conditions are found which the instructor cannot correct. The teacher, to protect himself, should make these report in writing.
A ready reference chart of teaching methods for presenting skills
Teaching method
Suggestions and cautions
Demonstration
Explanation
Questioning
Visual aids
(Charts, pictures, models or mockups, diagrams)
To present skills
Not suitable for presenting skills theory or demonstration
To present theory or information
To accompany demonstration
Not suitable for presenting skills without demonstration
To accompany demonstration
To recall facts
To test understanding
To inform
To develop reflective thinking
To check on effectiveness of presentation
To form association with previous work
To secure attention and interest
To supplement demonstration and explanation
To clarify ideas which can be best comprehended by direct observation
Not suitable for presenting skills without an actual demonstration
Careful preparation
Prepare learners for what they are to see
Smooth presentation
Be sure all can see and hear supplement with visual aids consider time element
Speak clearly, slowly
Be accurate in explanation
Avoid unfamiliar terms
Supplement with visual aids
State questions so they cannot be misunderstood
Avoid repeating questions
Avoid questions with ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer
Do not follow fixed order in questioning
Do not disclose answers by facial or other clues
Do not address questions to individuals
Do not use carelessly made or crude visual materials
Avoid using visual aids to illustrate the obvious
Introduce aid at exact point where it is needed
Be sure all can see clearly
Uncover chart or add one portion at a time when necessary
Stand to one side and face class when using
Methods of teaching shop and technical subjects
A ready reference chart of teaching methods for presenting skills
Teaching method
Visual aids (chalkboard)
Visual aids (film slides, transparencies, opaque materials)
Visual aids (motion pictures)
Uses
To supplement demonstration and explanation
To clarify ideas which can be best comprehended from graphic representation
To summarize and emphasize
Not suitable for presenting skills without an actual demonstration
To illustrate sequential development
To present information and ideas
To review key points in skill processes
To summarize and review
Not suitable for teaching skills without actual teacher demonstration
To present information and illustrate industrial processes
To introduce a demonstration of skills
To review a demonstration of skills
To summarize and review informational material
Not suitable for teaching skills without actual teacher demonstration
Suggestions and cautions
Have chalkboard clear of material not relevant to present discussion
Place diagrams and similar material on chalkboard ahead of time. Uncover when needed
Be sure all can see clearly
Print rather than write
Stand to one side face class use pointer
Select material carefully
Preview materials always
Plan comments and discussion
Prepare carefully for projection
Stand near the screen face the class use pointer lead discussion on slides shown
Select film carefully
Preview film
Prepare carefully for projection
Instruct pupils as to what to look for in the film
Following projection, conduct quiz on key points of film
Helping the learner practice new skills
In discussing he teaching-learning steps, chapter ш, the purpose of the application step was explained and its importance in the learning process was emphasized. It was indicated that this step provided the opportunity for the learner to practice the skills or apply the information which had been presented during the presentation step.
If w should consider first the development of selected skills, we recall that this kind of learning consists in the formation of skill habits by the learner. This tells us something of the practice activities to be chosen for the application step of a skill lesson. Let us recall the important laws of habit formation which were mentioned in chapter I and we will note that we have now reached that point in the lesson where several of them can be applied in a very practical manner.
Habit formation and the practice of skills
One of the well-know laws of habit formation warns against the attempt to de develop too may habits (skills) at one time. In terms of choosing jobs on which learners are to develop skills, this means that each job which introduces new skills should require the development of only a few skills in addition to those already mastered. This, of course, should be inherent in the lesson itself and is the same as saying that the lesson should not include too great a scope. Most jobs assigned to give practice on skills which have been presented as part of a complete lesson should involve those skills which have been presented in that lesson, in addition to others which have been learned in previous lessons.
When practice should begin
In considering factor which are favorable to the easy development of habits, we have also observed that it is important to have practice of the new skills begin as soon as possible after they have been demonstrated by the instructor. At this stage the learner is attempting to imitate the manipulations which he has seen the instructor perform. Any lapse of time between the observation of this performance and the actual first trial by the learner, serves to dim the learner’s memory and permit important details to escape him. We must remember that, for the most part, he is carrying a mental moving picture of what he has seen. He attempts to reconstruct the action of this picture, as he recalls it. If too much time passes, the picture becomes less vivid, gaps begin to appear, and the learner has difficulty recalling the sequence of manipulations.