Fourth, we propose that the two types of helping are driven by different identity orientations. Given the self-interested focus of proactive helping, it is likely that those who engage in proactive helping have a personal identity orientation. A personal identity orientation represents a differentiated, individuated self-concept (Brewer & Gardner, 1996). Thus, it is compatible with the desire to satisfy personal needs in the process of helping others (Flynn, 2005). In comparison, reactive helping, with its other-interested focus on benefiting others, should be associated with a relational or collective identity orientation. A relational identity orientation is derived from connections and role relationships with others, whereas a collective identity orientation originates from membership in a social group or collective (Brewer & Gardner, 1996). Accordingly, those who define themselves as interrelated and connected with others should be more likely to engage in reactive helping.