Parenteral nutrition (PN) is the only available treatment for the
maintenance of patients unable to absorb adequate enteral nutrients,
usually secondary to insufficient intestinal length (e.g., short
bowel syndrome, SBS) and/or functional malabsorption.PNprovides
both macronutrients (dextrose, fat, crystalline amino acids), and
micronutrients (vitamins and trace elements) for those patients.
Despite its life saving properties, PN is associated with hepatic
dysfunction, including liver blood test results (e.g., elevated bilirubin