1. Introduction
Hybrid electric vehicle are propelled by an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor/generator (EM) in series or parallel configurations. The ICE provides the vehicle an extended driving range, while the EM increases efficiency and fuel economy by regenerating energy during braking and storing excess energy from the ICE during coasting. Many HEV projects reported fuel economy improvement from 20% to 40% [1]. Therefore, HEV provides a promising solution to relieve the energy shortage as shown Figure 1. Design and control of such powertrains involve modeling and simulation of intelligent control algorithms and power management strategies, which aim to optimize the operating parameters to any given driving condition. [1]. Traditionally there are two basic categories of HEV, namely series hybrids and parallel hybrids [1]. In series HEV, the ICE mechanical output is first converted to electricity using a generator. The converted electricity either charges the battery or bypasses the battery to propel the wheels via an electric motor. This electric motor is also used to capture the energy during braking. Aparallel HEV, on the other hand, has both the ICE and an electric motor coupled to the final drive shaft of the wheels via clutches. This configuration allows the ICE and the electric motor to deliver power to drive the wheels in combined mode, or ICE alone or motor alone modes. The electric motor is also used for regenerative braking and for capturing the excess energy of the ICE during coasting. Recently, series-parallel and complex HEV have been developed to improve the power performance and fuel economy [2]. The HEV powertrain design process is aided by modeling and simulation. Several models and control algorithms were proposed and implemented [3, 4, 5, 6]. Issues such as battery modeling, torque management, control algorithms and vehicle simulation, were addressed by using simulation tools such as Matlab/Simulink. Computer models are readily available for these purposes [7]. In this study, two general issues of hybrid electric vehicles were reviewed, including the state-of-the-art powertrain configurations and advanced energy storage systems. Comparisons were made to find optimal design for certain application. A review of vehicle simulation tool was carried out. Two modeling platforms introduced in detail were Matlab/Simulink and Modelica/Dymola. These simulation packages were used extensively through this study.
1. บทนำHybrid electric vehicle are propelled by an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor/generator (EM) in series or parallel configurations. The ICE provides the vehicle an extended driving range, while the EM increases efficiency and fuel economy by regenerating energy during braking and storing excess energy from the ICE during coasting. Many HEV projects reported fuel economy improvement from 20% to 40% [1]. Therefore, HEV provides a promising solution to relieve the energy shortage as shown Figure 1. Design and control of such powertrains involve modeling and simulation of intelligent control algorithms and power management strategies, which aim to optimize the operating parameters to any given driving condition. [1]. Traditionally there are two basic categories of HEV, namely series hybrids and parallel hybrids [1]. In series HEV, the ICE mechanical output is first converted to electricity using a generator. The converted electricity either charges the battery or bypasses the battery to propel the wheels via an electric motor. This electric motor is also used to capture the energy during braking. Aparallel HEV, on the other hand, has both the ICE and an electric motor coupled to the final drive shaft of the wheels via clutches. This configuration allows the ICE and the electric motor to deliver power to drive the wheels in combined mode, or ICE alone or motor alone modes. The electric motor is also used for regenerative braking and for capturing the excess energy of the ICE during coasting. Recently, series-parallel and complex HEV have been developed to improve the power performance and fuel economy [2]. The HEV powertrain design process is aided by modeling and simulation. Several models and control algorithms were proposed and implemented [3, 4, 5, 6]. Issues such as battery modeling, torque management, control algorithms and vehicle simulation, were addressed by using simulation tools such as Matlab/Simulink. Computer models are readily available for these purposes [7]. In this study, two general issues of hybrid electric vehicles were reviewed, including the state-of-the-art powertrain configurations and advanced energy storage systems. Comparisons were made to find optimal design for certain application. A review of vehicle simulation tool was carried out. Two modeling platforms introduced in detail were Matlab/Simulink and Modelica/Dymola. These simulation packages were used extensively through this study.
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