3. ผลลัพธ์ และสนทนา3.1 สังเกตเบื้องต้นเนื่องจากความเข้มข้นของดักแทนจะมีผลต่อการ OHอัตราและประสิทธิภาพในการศึกษาก่อนหน้า (Taiet al., 2004 Czili และ Horváth, 2008), เราดำเนินการเบื้องต้นการทดลองเพื่อปรับความเข้มข้นของสเวครั้งแรกFig. 1a แสดงว่า รุ่น 7 HC เพิ่มขึ้นกับต้นความเข้มข้นของสเวเพิ่ม เพิ่มจำนวน 7 HCจาก 0.33 ± 0.01 10 6-30.1 ± 1.2 10 6 โมล L 1 หลัง 72 hปฏิกิริยาเมื่อความเข้มข้นของสเวเพิ่มขึ้นจาก1 10 5 โมล L 1 กับ 4 10 3 โมล L 1 ราคาเริ่มต้นของกำเนิด 7-HCมีวิเคราะห์ โดยปรับเรื่องพหุนาม และค่าเพิ่มขึ้นประมาณ 16 ครั้งเมื่อเพิ่มความเข้มข้นของลาสเวจาก 1 10 5 โมล L 1 กับ 4 10 3 โมล 1 L (ตาราง 1), ระบุความเข้มข้นสูงของลาสเวสามารถติด OH รวดเร็วขึ้นผลลัพธ์เหล่านี้ disaccorded กับผลได้รับ โดยอิal. ร้อยเอ็ด (2000) และ Czili และ Horváth (2008), ที่พวกเขาพบสูงกว่าผลสเวความเข้มข้นใน OH สูงจับประสิทธิภาพไม่ในระหว่างกระบวนการ TiO2 photolysis เนื่องจากสเวจะดูดซับแสงปัญหาถ่วงก่อ OH แต่ได้มา OHจากการเน่าของ H2O2 กระบวน โดยเกอไทต์โดยแสงในการศึกษานี้ ข้างนอก ปฏิกิริยา เช่น OH ปฏิกิริยามี H2O2 จะถูกเพิ่มเติมไว้ก่อนที่ความเข้มข้นสูงของลาสเวดังนั้น เพิ่มความเข้มข้นของ 7 HC กับincreasing COU concentration (Fig. 1a). Similar results were alsoreported in other advanced oxidation processes using dimethylsulfoxide as trapping agent (Tai et al., 2004).The residual concentration of COU was also monitored at differentreaction time (Fig. 1b). Results shows that higher initial concentrationresulted in higher percentage of initial COU remained.About 94% of original COU remained after 72 h reaction in the systemwhen the initial concentration of COU was 4 103 mol L1,indicating that the amount of COU was enough to capture theOH generated in the whole detection procedure. Therefore4 103 mol L1 was chosen as optimal concentration for captureof OH and adopted in the further experiments in this study.3.2. Effect of pHFig. 2 depicts the effect of operating pH on the generation of7-HC at initial pH from 3 to 7 without buffer solution. The amountsof 7-HC produced decreased from 30.1 ± 1.2 106 to15.6 ± 1.1 106 mol L1 with the increase of pH from 3 to 5within 72 h of reaction. 7-HC were also formed when the pHincreased to near neutral, the amounts was 8.2 ± 1.0 106 and10.7 ± 0.6 106 mol L1 for pH 6 and 7, respectively. This resultimplies that OH could also be formed at near neutral pH value.In previous studies, the formation of OH in the Fenton-like reactionat neutral pH was proved by the quench effect of quenchers(such as butanol) (Kim and Metcalfe, 2007; Lin et al., 2014). Thedetectable of 7-HC in this study gave more directly evidence thatOH could be generated in the goethite-catalyzed Fenton-like reactionat neutral pH value.The above results suggests that acidic environment is morefavorable in the generation of OH in the goethite catalyzedFenton-like reaction, and this trend was consistent with generalobservation in the Fenton and Fenton-like reactions (Li andZhang, 2014; Pastrana-Martínez et al., 2015). The dissolved ironconcentrations were detected in our previous study, and found thatthe dissolved iron contributed little to the degradation of PCB28(Lin et al., 2014). In order to get more insight about the effect ofoperating pH on the formation of OH in this study, the dissolvediron was also monitored. Results showed that the dissolved ironwas very low (maximum of <1 mg L1 at pH 3.0, data not shown).Approximately 0.3 106 mol L1 7-HC was formed in Fentonreaction catalyzed by 1 mg L1 Fe2+ at pH 3 after 72 h reaction,01020307-HC concentration (10-6 mol L-1)Time (h)1x10-5 mol L-11x10-4 mol L-15x10-4 mol L-11x10-3 mol L-14x10-3 mol L-1(a)0 15 30 45 60 750 15 30 45 60 7520406080100Time (h)1x10-5 mol L-11x10-4 mol L-15x10-4 mol L-11x10-3 mol L-14x10-3 mol L-1COU (%)(b)Fig. 1. (a) Effect of coumarin concentration on 7-hydroxycoumarin formation; (b)Coumarin degradation at different initial concentrations. Conditions: pH 3,[goethite] = 1.0 g L1, and [H2O2] = 3.4 g L1.Table 1Initial rate of 7-hydroxycoumarin formation as function of initial concentration ofcoumarin.[Coumarin]0(mol L1)Initial rate of 7-hydroxycoumarin formationa(L mol1 s1)1 105 3 10111 104 6 10115 104 1 10101 103 9 10114 103 5 1010a The initial rate of 7-hydroxycoumarin formation was estimated by simplepolynomial fitting of the plot of 7-hydroxycoumarin concentration vs. reactiontime. Measurements were done at pH 3, goethite and hydrogen peroxide concentrationsof 1 and 3.4 g L1, respectively.0 15 30 45 60 750102030Time (h)7-HC concentration (10-6 mol L-1)pH 3pH 4pH 5pH 6pH 7Fig. 2. Effect of pH concentration on 7-hydroxycoumarin formation at[goethite] = 1 g L1, [H2O2] = 3.4 g L1, and [COU] = 4 103 mol L1which was much less than the value (about 30.1 ± 1.2 106) catalyzedby solid goethite. These results demonstrate that the contributionof the dissolved iron catalyzed Fenton reaction in OHformation was negligible, thus the dominant pathway of OH generationwas through the decomposition of H2O2 catalyzed by theactive sites on the goethite surface. Lin and Gurol (1998) andWang et al. (2014) also proposed the same mechanism in theheterogenous Fenton-like reactions.Cláudio et al. (2012) proposed that a sorption step should proceedprior to the decomposition of H2O2 on the surface of metaloxides. However, the active sites for H2O2 sorption, i.e. FeOH2 +group on the iron oxide surface, decreased with increasing pH(Cornell and Schwertmann, 2003). Therefore the adsorbed H2O2on the goethite surface would decrease with increasing solutionpH from 3 to 7 in this study, and the generation of OH decreasedaccordingly. On the other side, the scavenging rate of OH by thegoethite surface would also increases along with increasing pH(Miller and Valentine, 1995). Furthermore, H2O2 was more easilydecomposed to oxygen and water in alkaline solutions(Lipczynska-Kochany, 1993). Given the above, the amounts ofOH generated would with decreasing pH from 3 to 7 in thegoethite catalyzed Fenton-like reaction.3.3. Effect of goethite dosage and H2O2 concentration on OH formationThe above results showed that the generation of OH in thegoethite catalyzed Fenton-like reaction came from the decompositionof H2O2 catalyzed by goethite. The goethite dosage thereforehas great influence the generation of OH. Fig. 3 shows the increasein 7-HC concentration from 19.8 ± 1.8 106 to46.7 ± 1.3 105 mol L1 within 72 h of reaction when thegoethite dosage was increased from 0.5 to 5 g L1. In contrast, only0.23 106 mol L1 was detected in the absence of goethite; thegeneration of OH without goethite might be derived from directphotodecomposition of H2O2 (Sakai et al., 2013). As goethite servedas the catalyst in this system, increased the dosage of goethitewould increase the amount of active sites for H2O2 decomposition,
therefore more OH could be formed when H2O2 was enough (Lin
et al, 2014).
The effect of H2O2 concentrations on the generation of 7-HC was
also examined. Since OH originates from the decomposition of
H2O2, it is expected that the amounts of 7-HC generation would
increase proportional with the increasing of H2O2 added.
However, Fig. 4 shows that the amounts of 7-HC increased only
about 1.7 times, from 17.6 ± 1.8 106 to
30.1 ± 1.2 106 mol L1, when the H2O2 concentration increased
5 times from 0.68 to 3.4 g L1. And further increasing the H2O2
concentration to 6.8 g L1 has minor benefit in the generation of
7-HC. The same tendency was also observed when PCB28 was
degraded in a goethite-catalyzed Fenton-like reaction (Lin et al.,
2014). This may be due to that H2O2 would compete with COU
for reacting with OH through Eq. (2), and the reaction product,
i.e. HO2
(E0 = 1.70 eV), is a weaker oxidant compared with OH
(E0 = 2.80 eV), which may can not to hydroxylate COU. The kinetic
rate of Eq. (2) was about 2.1 109 L mol1 s1, which was comparable
with the reaction rate between OH and COU (about
2.9 109 L mol1 s1) (Lin and Gurol, 1998; Czili and Horváth,
2008), thus higher H2O2 concentration could cause more useless
quench of OH into HO2
and the generation efficiency of 7-HC
decreased accordingly.
H2O2 þ OH ! HO
2 þ H2O ð2Þ
3.4. Effect of inorganic anions on the generation of 7-HC
Inorganic anions are always detected in various water and soil
environments, and they would affect the efficiency of AOPs considerably
(De Laat et al., 2004). Therefore the effects of different inorganic
anions on the generation of 7-HC were also studied in the
present study, the ionic strength was controlled at 0.1 mol L1.
As shown in Fig. 5, ClO4
had no effect on the generation of 7-HC,
but the other anions suppressed the generation of 7-HC in different
degrees. The inhibitory effect of the anions followed the order of
H2PO4
> SO4 2 > Cl > NO3
. These results indicate that these anions
except ClO4
had varying effect on OH formation in the
goethite-catalyzed Fenton-like system.
0 15 30 45 60 75
0
15
30
45
Time (h)
7-HC concentration (10-6 mol L-1)
0
0.5 g L-1
1 g L-1
2 g L-1
5 g L-1
Fig. 3. Effect of goethite concentration on 7-hydroxycoumarin formation at pH 3,
[H2O2] = 3.4 g L1, and [COU] = 4 103 mol L1.
0 15 30 45 60 75
0
10
20
30
7-HC concentration (10-6 mol L-1)
Time (h)
0.68 g L-1
1.7 g L-1
3.4 g L-1
6.8 g L-1
Fig. 4. Effect of H2O2 concentration on 7-hydroxycoumarin formation at pH 3,
[goethite] = 1 g L1, and [COU] = 4 103 mol L1.
0 15 30 45 60 75
0
10
20
30
7-HC concentration (10-6 mol L-1)
0
ClO4
-
NO3
-
Cl-
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