The block diagram of the integrated PV/FC/UC system and the control strategy are shown in Figs. 1 and 10, respectively. At first, the PV system, FC system, UC bank, and power controller systems are described in this section. The parameters of the PV system are listed in Table 1 [17]. The PEMFC system parameters are given in Table 2. For the simulated model, the parameters of the Maxwell Boostcap_ BMOD0165-48.6 V unit are used and the characteristics of the UC unit are shown in Table 3.
Each UC unit has a nominal voltage of 48.6 V corresponding to 165 F. In this study, three UC modules in parallel (165 F per module) are used to meet the exceeded power demands and compensating the tracking delays of the FC system. The initial voltage of the UC bank is set to be 48.6 V and three parallel units are needed to keep the module voltage within acceptable values with respect to the power should be supplied by UC modules. This size of the UC can be changed to suit various power capacities for different applications