Participants were recruited via the Internet. The questionnaire was posted online and published in the media(pet magazines and websites). We collected reports by owners on371 dogs, and none of the dogs was younger than 1 year of age at the time of the survey. Moreover, to obtain results consistent with those of our previous study(Pierantoni et al., 2011), none of the recruited dogs was older than 2 months at acquisition or had experienced the additional effects of a shelter environment or life as a stray. Owners aged older