LIV IN G IN THE CITY
interpretation has been criticised for the environ mental determinism of the model, which reduc from the urbanite to a position of virtual impotence, and imply for the overemphasis of the negative effects ot but urban living to the neglect of the virtues of size. ual density and diversity. Proshansky (1978). ev for respo example, has pointed out that the complexity of cit load ies induces versatility in people." Freedman (1975) introduced the density-intensity" hypothesis, which view argues that the effect of urban density is to intensify by th an individual's typical response to a given situation ity t in other words, to make a lonely person lonelier or varie an active person more active 12 Hawley (1981) has inpu also developed a more positive view of the city from mea the basic ecological 13 fash and THE SUB CULTURAL AP PRO ACH dev The subcultural approach is a direct contradiction me of the traditional ecological view that emphasises cog the similarities among of people rather than env groups the differences that lead to the breakdown of litt close social ties. In Fischer's (1984) view, the urban environment enables people with different charac- de teristics, interests, values and abilities to find other an similar individuals.14 Ethnic communities and ass neighbourhoods based lifestyle and mo on occupation, social class emerge as subcultures producing city