However, both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that have investigated the associations between cardiovascular disease risk factors and cataract/cataract surgery have not yielded consistent results [6–8]. For instance, longitudinal data have shown that history of angina is asso- ciated with higher cataract surgery incidence [9], while another longitudi- nal study found few associations between cardiovascular risk factors and cataract [10], and concluded that a constellation of metabolic markers related to insulin resistance may be more likely to predict cataract preva- lence or incidence than any individual cardiovascular risk factor alone [10]. Extant studies have also not directly quantified cardiovascular disease by coronary angiography.