LPS: IS THE TIME RIPE FOR A RENEWED ASSAULT ON THOSE
ENZYMES?
One of the holy grails of antibiotic discovery efforts in Gram-negative
pathogens has been the search for a broadly active inhibitor of lps
biosynthesis and/or export. For decades, investigators have focused on
the rate-determining step in lps biogenesis, the second committed
step catalyzed by the zinc-dependent deacetylase LpxC
(Figure 11a).167 The central metabolite UDP-GlcNAc undergoes
long chain acylation at the 30
-OH of the GlcNAc by LpxA and then
LpxC mediates deacetylation of the acetyl moiety on the 20
-amino
group. A series of acylations, glycosylations and phosphoryl transfers
then ensue on the way to the lipid A core of lps.168 A prototype
alkynyl hydroxamate CHIR-090 has been characterized for
mechanism and structure with LpxC,169 but narrow spectrum and
pathogen mutation to resistance have been problematic for its
development. Recent structure–function analysis has led to a
diacetylenic congener LPC-009,170 which overcome the loss of
affinity in point mutations that negate CHIR-090 binding
(Figure 11b). Perhaps there is finally momentum towards a clinical
candidate, at which point toxicology and pharmacology in human
hosts will become crucial gating parameters.
There has also been dramatic progress in recent years in delineation
of the roles and structures of the periplasmic and outer membrane
proteins LptA-E that function as chaperones for lps molecules to get
across the periplasmic space.171–182 The Lpt protein machinery also
effects insertion of the translocated lps molecules and localization in
the outer leaflet of the outer membrane in most Gram-negatives. In
that context, the outer membrane b-barrel protein LptD has been
known to be inhibited by an 18 residue antimicrobial peptide (AMP)
protegrin I from porcine leukocytes.183 John Robinson and coworkers
used this as a starting point for building a peptidomimetic scaffold
(Figure 12).183–185 The natural bridging disulfide was removed, the
rest of protegrin b-sheet was used as template and the framework
LPS: IS THE TIME RIPE FOR A RENEWED ASSAULT ON THOSEENZYMES?One of the holy grails of antibiotic discovery efforts in Gram-negativepathogens has been the search for a broadly active inhibitor of lpsbiosynthesis and/or export. For decades, investigators have focused onthe rate-determining step in lps biogenesis, the second committedstep catalyzed by the zinc-dependent deacetylase LpxC(Figure 11a).167 The central metabolite UDP-GlcNAc undergoeslong chain acylation at the 30-OH of the GlcNAc by LpxA and thenLpxC mediates deacetylation of the acetyl moiety on the 20-aminogroup. A series of acylations, glycosylations and phosphoryl transfersthen ensue on the way to the lipid A core of lps.168 A prototypealkynyl hydroxamate CHIR-090 has been characterized formechanism and structure with LpxC,169 but narrow spectrum andpathogen mutation to resistance have been problematic for itsdevelopment. Recent structure–function analysis has led to adiacetylenic congener LPC-009,170 which overcome the loss ofaffinity in point mutations that negate CHIR-090 binding(Figure 11b). Perhaps there is finally momentum towards a clinicalcandidate, at which point toxicology and pharmacology in humanhosts will become crucial gating parameters.There has also been dramatic progress in recent years in delineationof the roles and structures of the periplasmic and outer membraneproteins LptA-E that function as chaperones for lps molecules to getข้าม space.171–182 periplasmic เครื่องจักรโปรตีน Lpt ยังแทรกลักษณะพิเศษของโมเลกุล lps translocated และแปลในอุปกรณ์ภายนอกของเมมเบรนนอกในฟิล์กรัมมากที่สุด ในบริบทที่ โปรตีนเมมเบรนนอกบาร์เรลบี LptD ได้เป็นที่รู้จักเพื่อจะห้าม โดยเพปไทด์เป็นสารตกค้าง 18 จุลินทรีย์ (แอมป์)protegrin ฉันจากช่วง leukocytes.183 จอห์นโรบินสันและผู้ร่วมงานใช้นี้เป็นจุดเริ่มต้นสำหรับการสร้างนั่งร้าน peptidomimetic(รูป 12) .183 – 185 ไดซัลไฟด์ระหว่างกาลที่ธรรมชาติถูกลบ การprotegrin b แผ่นเหลือใช้เป็นต้นแบบและกรอบ
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